Thallium(I) sulfide

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IUPACName = Thallium(I) sulfide
OtherNames = thallous sulfide, thallous sulphide
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CASNo = 1314-97-2
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Section2 = Chembox Properties
Formula = Tl₂S
MolarMass = 440.833 g/mol
Appearance = black crystalline solid
Density = 8.390 g/cm³
MeltingPt = 448 °C
BoilingPt = 1367 °C
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Thallium(I) sulfide, Tl₂S, is a chemical compound of thallium and sulfur.It was used in some of the earliest photo-electric detectors by T. Case who developed the so-called thalofide (sometimes spelt thallofide) cell, used in early film projectors. Case described the detector material as consisting of thallium, oxygen and sulfur, [ "Thalofide Cell"—a New Photo-Electric Substance" T. W. Case Phys. Rev. 15, 4, (April -1920) 289 -292 DOI: 10.1103/PhysRev.15.289 ] and this was incorrectly described by others as being thallium oxysulfide, which incidentally is a compound that is not known. Case's work was then built on by R.J. Cashman who recognised that the controlled oxidation of the Tl₂S film was key to the operation of the cell., "Cashman thallous sulfide cell," D. J. Lovell, Appl. Opt. 10, 1003-1008 (1971)] Cashman's work culminated in the development of long wave infrared detectors used during the second world war. [ American patent 2448517, filed 1944, granted 1948] Reliable Tl₂S detectors were also developed in Germany at the same time.
Tl₂S is found in nature as the mineral carlinite [http://webmineral.com/data/Carlinite.shtml] which has the distinction of being the only sulfide mineral of thallium that does not contain at least two metals. Tl₂S has a distorted anti-CdI₂ structure. ["Tl₂S: Re-Determination of Crystal Structure and Stereochemical Discussion" Giester, G.; Lengauer, C. L.; Tillmanns, E.; Zemann, J. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, Volume 168, Issue 1, (2002),. 322. DOI: 10.1006/jssc.2002.9711] Tl₂S can be prepared from the elements or by precipitating the sulfide from a solution of thallium(I), e.g. the sulfate or nitrate. Thin films have been deposited produced from a mixture of citratothallium complex and thiourea. Heating the film in nitrogen at 300°C converts all the product into Tl₂S ["Crystalline structure of chemically deposited thallium sulfide thin films" V. Estrella, M. T. S. Nair and P. K. Nair Thin Solid Films Volume 414, Issue 2, 22 July 2002, Pages 281-287 DOI:10.1016/S0040-6090(02)00500-X ]

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