Robbery Under Arms

Infobox Book |
name = Robbery Under Arms.
A Story of Life and Adventure in the Bush and in the Goldfields of Australia.


image_caption = First edition. Three octavo volumes (7 3/16 x 4 13/16 inches; 182 x 122 mm.). Original smooth grass-green cloth with front covers decoratively stamped in black and spines ruled and lettered in gilt. Gray floral patterned endpapers.
author = Rolf Boldrewood
country = Australia
language = English
genre = Adventure novel
publisher = Remington & Co Publishers, London.
release_date = 1888
media_type = Print (Hardback & Paperback)
pages = 300 pp
isbn = NA

"Robbery Under Arms" is a classic Australian novel by Rolf Boldrewood (a pseudonym for Thomas Alexander Browne). It was first published in serialised form by the Sydney Mail between July 1882 and August 1883, then in three volumes in London in 1888. It was edited into a single volume in 1889 as part of Macmillan's Colonial Library series and has not been out of print since.

It is considered to be one of the greatest Australian colonial novels, along with Marcus Clarke's "For the Term of his Natural Life".

Plot introduction

Written in the first person, the narrator Dick Marston tells the story of his life and loves and his association with the notorious bushranger Captain Starlight, a renegade from a noble English family. Set in the bush and goldfields of Australia in the 1850s, Starlight's gang, with Dick and his brother Jim's help, sets out on a series of escapades that include cattle theft and robbery under arms. [http://shop.abc.net.au/browse/product.asp?productid=238506 "Robbery under arms"] , [http://shop.abc.net.au ABC Shop] . Retrieved May 1, 2007]

Plot summary

The book begins with Dick sitting in gaol, with just under one month before his scheduled execution for his crimes. He is given writing material, and begins documenting his life's story.

He starts with his childhood, with a father (Ben) who is prone to violence, particularly when he has been drinking; his mother, his sister (Aileen) and brother, Jim. He documents his first exposure to his father's crimes, the theft of a red calf, and the disapproval of this crime by his mother, who says she thought he had given up stealing since the theft which lead to his transportation as a convict from England.Dick's first active involvement in crime, comes where the brothers choose to go cattle duffing (stealing), even though an offer of solid, honest work had been made with neighbour and friend, George Storefield. The divergent lives of the brothers to that of George is a recurring theme of the book from this point forward, as they continue to meet up at different points throughout the story.This first theft includes their introduction to Captain Starlight, his Aboriginal assistant, Warrigal, and their hideaway, Terrible Hollow.

Further thefts follow, leading up to the brazen theft of 1000 head, driven overland to Adelaide with Starlight. After the success of this adventure, the brothers "lie low" in Melbourne, where they meet the sisters, Kate and Jeanie Morrison.The brothers return to home for Christmas, leading to incarceration and trial of Dick and Starlight. (The magistrate chooses to refer to Starlight only by this nickname, at the Captain's request). Warrigal helps Dick and Starlight escape to Terrible Hollow.The gang later has its first stage holdup.

The brothers then move to the Turon goldfields. Their prosperity through honest, hard work gives them the chance for escape from the country to start a new life overseas. Jim marries Kate Morrison, but her tumultuous nature leads her, in an angry mood, to alert the police to their presence, and they narrowly escape capture and return to the safety of Terrible Hollow.

Seeing no alternative to crime, the gang joins forces with a soon- to- be rival Ben Moran and his friends to stage a major hold up of the armed, escorted stagecoach leaving the goldfields. The robbery is a success, with the members splitting up after sharing the gold takings.
Starlight's crew hears word of Moran's planned home invasion of a police informant named Mr Whitman, at at time when Mr Whitman was known to be absent. Marsten and Starlight intervene, forcing Moran and his men to leave, thus preventing further harm to the women present and the home being burnt down at the end of the night. Chivalrous as ever, Starlight vows to dance with one of the women, Miss Falkland, at her upcoming wedding. This increases the existing animosity between Starlight and his rival, and highlights Starlight's code of honour.

At the height of their infamy, the gang attend the Turon horse race, where Starlight's horse, Rainbow, wins. The same weekend, they attend the wedding of grazier's daughter, Miss Falkland, where Starlight fulfils his earlier promise to dance, unrecognised, with her at her wedding, despite the presence of the entire town, including the goldfields commissioner and other dignatories. Ben Marston is later ambushed and wounded by bounty hunters. Moran, nearby, releases him, and shoots all four bounty hunters in cold blood, again highlighting the different honour codes between the two gangs. Ben returns to Terrible Hollow, and is nursed by his daughter, Aileen. Aileen and Starlight begin a relationship, and arrange to marry.

Despite the animosity between the rivals, they team up again to rob the home of the Goldfield Commissioner, Mr Knightley, but are met with more resistance than they expected. One of Moran's associates is shot in the skirmish, and Moran is keen to kill Knightley when they later have him face to face. Starlight turns the tables by giving Mr Knightley one of his own pistols. He them proceeds to arrange for Knightley's wife to go to Bathurst and withdraw some cash, and meet Moran's men by "the Black Stump", outside of Bathurst town. Starlight passes the time gambling with Mr Knightley, sharing his food, drink and company. Starlight loses money in the gambling, and arranges to repay by direct payment into his account, as well as paying for the horse he is offered when leaving.

Throughout the book, there have been chance meetings with Dick's childhood friend and neighbour, George Storefield who, in contrast with the Marsten boys, works hard, keeps within the law and thrives financially. Dick starts to hold up George, now a successful grazier, businessman, magistrate and landholder, before realising who it was. George offers the brothers safe haven and cattle mustering work, which would allow Dick, Starlight and Jim safer travel to Townsville in Queensland, from where they plan to leave to San Francisco. They accept the offer, but are caught, partially due to betrayal by Warrigal and Kate Morrison along the way, and Starlight and Jim are shot dead. Dick is wounded and brought to trial, bringing the story to where it began, with Dick expecting to be hung shortly.

In a surprise ending, Dick's sentence is reduced to fifteen years imprisonment due to petitions from Storefield, Knightley and other prominent people. He serves twelve years, is visited occasionally by Gracey Storefield, whom he marries shortly after his release, before moving to a remote area of Queensland to manage a station for her brother, George Storefield.

Characters in "Robbery under arms"

* Dick Marston, the narrator, an Australian bushman
* Jim Marston, his brother
* Captain Starlight, a bushranger
* Ben Marston, Dick and Jim's father, a Lincolnshire man transported for poaching.
* George Storefield, neighbour and friend of the Marston family

Note: The spelling of the surname Marston varies in some editions/adaptations. Alternate spellings include "Marsden" and "Masterton".

Allusions/references from other works

The early film adaptations of the book are referenced in the title of Kathryn Heyman's 2006 novel, "Captain Starlight's Apprentice".

Major Themes

The book, written in first person narrative, contains repeated regrets for the narrator's crimes, highlighting how seemingly minor crimes lead to an inescapable life of further crimes. These are contrasted with the success of Dick's hardworking childhood friend, who becomes a successful landowner, merchant and magistrate.

The themes of honour and loyalty are repeated throughout the story, which eventually leads to Dick's redemption from hanging and, having served his time in gaol, a presumed peaceful, safe and legal life.

As a ripping yarn, originally told in periodical installments, the story mostly centres around the lovable villains, who are adventurers and thieves but nevertheless with high moral standards and, in some ways, trapped by circumstances of their own making.

Literary significance and criticism

English author Thomas Wood called the novel "a classic, which for life and dash and zip and colour - all of a period - has no match in all Australian letters." [http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A030247b.htm Browne, Thomas Alexander] , [http://adbonline.anu.edu.au Australian Dictionary of Biography Online] . Retrieved May 1, 2007. ]

Allusions/references to actual history, geography and current science

In his December 1888 "Preface to the New Edition", Browne wrote:

"...though presented in the guise of fiction, this chronicle of the Marston family must not be set down by the reader as wholly fanciful or exaggerated. Much of the narrative is literally true, as can be verified by official records." [Preface to the 1889 edition.]

Although the name Captain Starlight was used by a real bushranger, Frank Pearson, Boldrewood claims his character was a composite, based in part on Captain Midnight and Harry Redford. [http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Robbery_Under_Arms "Robbery under arms"] , [http://en.wikisource.org/ WikiSource] . Retrieved May 1, 2007. ] The cattle robbery follows the lifting of about a thousand head by Redford from Bowen Downs station in 1870. [http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A030247b.htm Browne, Thomas Alexander] , [http://adbonline.anu.edu.au Australian Dictionary of Biography Online] . Retrieved May 1, 2007. ] Some of the exploits recounted are based on actual incidents involving bushrangers Daniel Morgan, Ben Hall, Frank Gardiner and John Gilbert, [http://shop.abc.net.au/browse/product.asp?productid=238506 "Robbery under arms"] , [http://shop.abc.net.au ABC Shop] . Retrieved May 1, 2007] although not all factual events which contributed to the novel took place during the period in which the novel is set. [http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Robbery_Under_Arms "Robbery under arms"] , [http://en.wikisource.org/ WikiSource] . Retrieved May 1, 2007.] Terrible Hollow, the gang's bush hideaway, is drawn from a sunken valley reported in the Gwydir district [http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A030247b.htm Browne, Thomas Alexander] , [http://adbonline.anu.edu.au Australian Dictionary of Biography Online] . Retrieved May 1, 2007. ] .

Film, TV or theatrical adaptations

*1890: Popular stage melodrama by Garnet Walch and Alfred Dampier.
*1907: Black and white silent film, one of Australia's earliest features, produced by Charles McMahon.
*1911: "Captain Starlight." Another black and white silent film made by Dampier's daughter, Lily, and her husband, Alfred Rolfe.
*1920: Silent film written and directed by actor Kenneth Brampton, who also played the role of Captain Starlight.
*1957: Sound and technicolour film version for the English Rank Organisation, directed by Jack Lee, starring Peter Finch as Captain Starlight.
*1985: Film and mini-series starring Steven Vidler as Dick Marston and Sam Neill as Captain Starlight, released in separate versions for screen and television. Produced by Jock Blair and directed by Donald Crombie and Ken Hannam.

Browne was paid twenty shillings per performance for Alfred Dampier's theatrical adaptation. [ [http://www.courts.qld.gov.au/publications/articles/speeches/2006/atkinson110906.pdf "Dramatic copyright in Australia to 1912"] , [http://www.courts.qld.gov.au Queensland Courts] . Retrieved May 1, 2007.] The novel has also been adapted for radio.

Release details

* 1888, First edition, England, Remington and Co Publishers, Hardback (3 vols.)
* 2006, edited by Paul Eggert and Elizabeth Webby, Australia, University of Queensland Press, Academy Editions of Australian Literature, ISBN 9780702235741, Pub date 31 October 2006, Hardback and paperback. (Full text of original serialised version, including the 29,000 words missing from later publications.)

Footnotes

References

*cite book | title=Robbery Under Arms | last=Boldrewood | first=Rolf | authorlink=Rolf Boldrewood | publisher=Oxford University Press | location=London | edition=World Classics series edition | date= | id=ISBN 0192505106

External links

*, based on the 1889 single volume edition
*, based on the 1889 single volume edition
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