Amur Leopard

Taxobox
name = Amur leopard
status = CR
status_system=iucn3.1
trend = down

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image_width = 275px
regnum = Animalia
phylum = Chordata
classis = Mammalia
ordo = Carnivora
familia = Felidae
genus = "Panthera"
species = "Panthera pardus"
subspecies = "P. p. orientalis"
trinomial = "Panthera pardus orientalis"
synonyms="Panthera pardus amurensis"
trinomial_authority = Schlegel, 1857The Amur Leopard ("Panthera pardus orientalis") is critically endangered. It is one of the rarest felids in the world with an estimated 27 to 32 individuals remaining in the wild (2007 snow track count).

Its common names are Amur leopard from Amur River or Far Eastern Leopard.

Appearance

Of the eight subspecies the Amur, or Far Eastern leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis) shows the strongest divergence in coat pattern. The coat is pale cream (especially in winter) and has widely spaced rosettes with thick, black rings and darkened centres. The length of the coat varies between 2.5cm in summer and 7.5cm in winter.

tatus in the wild and in zoos

The Amur leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis) is the northernmost of the eight leopard subspecies. The Amur leopard's range is overlapping with that of the Amur tiger or Siberian Tiger which range extends further to the north. The Amur leopard's historic range extended throughout northeastern ("Manchurian") China, the southern part of Primorsky Krai in Russia and the Korean Peninsula. This range shrank dramatically during the 20th century, due primarily to habitat loss and hunting. Today, it is critically endangered with only 27 to 34 individuals remaining in Southwest Primorye. There are probably up to 10 animals scattered throughout the Chinese Jilin and Heilongjiang Provinces, with the majority of animals concentrated near the Russian border.

The Amur leopard probably went extinct in the wild in South Korea in the late 1960s, although some recent, unconfirmed reports suggest that a few leopards may remain in and around the demilitarized zone between North and South Korea. There are likely still leopards in the rugged northern region of North Korea near the Chinese border, and it is also likely that animals from Southwest Primorye in Russia occasionally cross the border into North Korea, but reliable information is lacking.

The Amur leopard is listed as Endangered by the IUCN and is on CITES Appendix I for protection status.

There are approximately 300 Amur leopards in captivity, mostly in zoos in Europe, North America and countries of the former Soviet Union. Most, but not all, of these leopards are in zoos participating in managed conservation breeding programmes.

Threats

· Poaching of leopards and their prey species

Poachers include both poor local villagers and newly rich Russians, mainly from the city of Vladivostok, as well as Chinese nationals who illegally cross the border into Russia. Russian hunters kill many more deer than is officially allowed and Amur leopards are sometimes shot or killed with snares as well. Since 2002 skins or corpses of nine Amur leopards killed by poachers were found in Russia and at least two leopards were killed in China. · Loss of forest habitat due to frequent fires

The forests on which Amur leopards depend slowly disappear as a result of frequent fires. Local villagers start fires for various reasons, but mainly to stimulate the growth of ferns that are a very popular ingredient in Russian and Chinese dishes.

· Negative impacts of inbreeding

Loss of genetic diversity in the small and isolated Amur leopard population may cause inbreeding depression (reduced numbers due to reduced reproduction and lifespan and increased vulnerability to diseases). However, the results of research so far are inconclusive and additional information on the effects of inbreeding is needed before conclusions can be drawn.

· Development projects

Southwest Primorye is located close to the Russian borders with China and North Korea, making it an attractive area for infrastructure projects such as new railways, gas and oil pipelines and ports. In 2005 and 2006 the Zoological Society of London and other ALTA partners led a successful international campaign against a plan to build an oil pipeline terminal on the coast of the Sea of Japan in the leopard’s range.

· Lack of political commitment to conservation

In recent years nature in Russia has suffered from a lack of political interest in conservation. Negative developments since 2000 include the abolishment of the State Committee for Nature Conservation, revoking the law enforcement rights of Inspection Tiger (an anti-poaching brigade for protection of tigers and leopards), and a reduction of the number of field inspector for protection of forests and animals by approximately 80%.

Conservation

Significant progress in conserving Amur leopards and tigers has been made over the last decade. A coalition of 13 international and Russian NGOs have pooled resources by creating * [http://amur-leopard.org/index.php?id=324 ALTA] (the Amur Leopard and Tiger Alliance). ALTA members have been co-operating for many years in developing, financing and implementing conservation projects in Russia and China.Collectively, ALTA members have developed a comprehensive conservation programme for the Amur leopard’s range in Russia and NE China that includes:

1) Anti-poaching 2) Forest fire-fighting 3) Compensation for livestock killed by tigers and leopards 4) A comprehensive education and public awareness programme 5) Population monitoring (Snow-track counts and camera trapping) 6) Ecological and biomedical research 7) Support for protected areas and hunting leases 8) Lobbying for improved conservation policies and regulations 9) Amur leopard conservation in China

ALTA members are not alone in their work for Amur leopard conservation – the Worldwide Fund for Nature www.wwf.ru * [http://www.wwf.ru (WWF)] is also a major contributor.

Ecology

Male Amur leopards weigh 32-48 kg, with exceptionally large males up to 60-75 kg. Females are smaller than the males at 25-43 kg.

The main prey species of the Amur leopard are roe and sika deer, along with hares and badgers.

Whilst it has been found in other regions that leopards do not do well in areas where they share territory with tigers, this has not proved to be the case in Russia. Studies have indicated that an increased tiger population in the Southwest Primorye area has not adversely affected the leopard population.

Amur leopards in zoos show some evidence of breeding seasonalilty with a peak in births in late spring/early summer. After a gestation period of around 12 weeks cubs are born in litters of 1-4 individuals, with an average litter size of just over 2. The cubs will stay with their mother for up to two years before becoming fully independent. Females first breed at an age of 3-4 years.

In the wild, leopards live for 10-15 years and they may reach 20 years in captivity.

Media

A female Amur Leopard and her cub were featured on "Planet Earth"'s episodes "From Pole to Pole" and "Seasonal Forests".

External links

* [http://www.amur-leopard.org/ ALTA Amur Leopard Conservation]
* [http://www.wwf.ru (World Wildlife Fund WWF)]
* [http://www.tigrisfoundation.nl The Tigris Foundation - dedication to the conservation of the Amur leopard]
* [http://www.zsl.org/field-conservation/carnivores-and-people/amur-leopard-conservation-in-russia,468,AR.html ZSL Amur Leopard Conservation]
* [http://www.amur.org.uk/ AMUR Russia/UK]
* [http://www.wcs.org/international/Asia/russia WCS Russia]
* [http://www.wildlifealliance.org/conserving-wildlife/protecting-animals/amur-leopard.html Wildlife Alliance and Phoenix Fund's direct protection efforts for Amur leopards and Amur tigers in the Russian Far East]
* [http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/mammals/Panthera_pardus_orientalis/ ARKive]