Koolama

The "Koolama" was an Australian merchant vessel which sank as a result of several attacks by Japanese aircraft in February-March 1942. It was also the centre of the Koolama Incident, an alleged mutiny resulting from these attacks.

General description

"Koolama" was built in 1938, by Harland and Wolff of Glasgow, Scotland for the State Shipping Service (SSS) of Western Australia, at a cost of £250,000, and was registered at Fremantle. [Parsons & Plunkett, 1998; Loane 2004] Her official displacement was 4,068 tons (4133 tonnes), she was 348 feet (106 m) long, with a beam of 54 feet, and had diesel engines driving two propellors. "Koolama" could accommodate about 200 passengers and 90 crew, 500 live cattle and had a freezer hold for cargo such as meat. She was used mostly for passenger and general freight transport on coastal routes in Western Australian (WA) waters.

"Koolama" is sometimes confused with another SSS vessel of a similar design, "Koolinda".

War service and the "Koolama incident"

In January 1942, following the outbreak of war with Japan, "Koolama" carried members of the ill-fated 8th Division and their equipment to Ambon and West Timor, in Netherlands East Indies. On the return voyage she carried Dutch refugees to Darwin.

On February 10, "Koolama" — under Captain Jack Eggleston — sailed from Fremantle, bound for Darwin with Australian Army personnel and equipment, as well as some convicts on work release and regular civilian passengers. Although the soldiers on board were armed only with rifles, the ship carried a 50 mm (1.97 in) gun on its rear poop deck, which was intended for use against submarines and could not be aimed above level for anti-aircraft purposes. However, "Koolama" was carrying Vickers 0.303 inch machine guns mounted on each side of the bridge.

At 11.30 am on February 20, 1942, a day after the first Japanese air raids on Darwin, "Koolama" was off the coast of the Kimberley, when it was attacked by a Japanese Kawanishi H6K flying boat near Cape Londonderry. Three or four bombs landed near the ship but caused no damage. Eggleston reported the attack by radio and continued towards Darwin.

At 1.30pm, three Kawanishis — led by Lt Cmdr Tsunaki Yonehara — attacked the ship again, over a period of 30 minutes. Three bombs hit the ship. [Helbig, 2003; ABC-TV, 2003; Loane, 2004 & peoplesvoice.gov.au "Koolama" (no date) ] One 60 kg (132 lb) bomb, dropped from a height of 800 m (2,625 ft), went through wooden decking, struck a civilian passenger, Raymond Theodore "Bluey" Plummer, glancing blows to his head, arm and foot, before falling into an engine room and exploding. [Loane 2004 p. 36, 47, 56, 90] Plummer was facing down and a tailfin on the bomb struck the back of his head, peeling away the scalp as far as his nose, along with a piece of his skull. [Loane 2004 p. 69 ] Although Plummer's brain was partly exposed, he remained alive, albeit unconscious. The bomb also caused injuries to his arm and foot. Two other passengers were also injured.

"Koolama" was severely damaged. Later that afternoon, with the ship taking water at the stern, and its steering and internal communications out of action, Eggleston decided to beach the ship in Rulhieres Bay (later known as Koolama Bay). He sent an SOS by radio and ordered that the ship be evacuated by lifeboat, but did not officially abandon "Koolama". [ABC-TV, 2003] The following day, as the evacuees awaited help in an inhospitable area of mangroves, inhabited by many saltwater crocodiles, Japanese planes attacked again, albeit without effect.

Eggleston and his first officer, Ken Reynolds — who was also a qualified ship's master — disagreed regarding the best course of action. The captain wanted to refloat "Koolama", using the high tide, and head back to the small port of Wyndham; he believed that the ship could pump out enough water to survive 48 hours at sea, and could be steered with its engines. However, Reynolds believed that "Koolama" should be abandoned. The crew split into two factions along these lines. Because of this, some people would later accuse Reynolds of mutiny.

While they waited for assistance, the crew undertook some repairs to the stern.

On February 25, a lugger crewed by Benedictine priests and Aboriginal people from the nearest settlement, Drysdale River Mission (later known as Kalumburu), almost 100 kilometres (80 mi) away, arrived to take the sick, wounded and women passengers to the mission, a journey of 24 hours. After enduring a week on the shore, most of the passengers and crew members began to walk to Drysdale River, guided by a priest.

By March 1, all possible on-site repairs has been completed and the badly damaged "Koolama", with Eggleston, 18 crew members, three civilian passengers and two military personnel, was refloated and set off for Wyndham. The bomb damage, including blown rivets, was worsened by the stress of movement, and as "Koolama" approached the port on the morning of March 2, about 24 hours after leaving Rulhieres Bay, its pumps could no longer keep up with the inflow of water. [Loane 2004 p. 126 ]

By 7pm, Eggleston and his party had unloaded most of the cargo, including army vehicles and other military equipment. [Loane 2004 p. 127 ] The pumps were run throughout the night and unloading resumed at 6.00 am. [Loane 2004 p. 128 ] However, the pumps were becoming clogged with mud and the ship was still taking water. Just after 7.00 am on March 3, eight Japanese Zero fighters, led by Sub Lt Toshitada Kawazoi, made a strafing attack on Wyndham. [Loane 2004 p. 128 ] This air raid caused no apparent damage to the "Koolama", but Eggleston and his crew remained on shore for the rest of the day, in case follow-up raids occurred. [Loane 2004 p. 129 ] By 4pm, "Koolama" was down at the stern and listing to starboard. At about 4.45 pm the ship rolled onto its side in the shallow water. It was written off.

Aftermath

Meanwhile some of the crew and passengers at Rulhieres Bay were rescued by flying boat, and arrived in Broome on March 3, just after a devastating air raid on the town. A further 19 men had to wait for the return of the mission lugger.

On March 5, Plummer was flown from Drysdale River to Darwin, for more intensive medical treatment. [ peoplesvoice.gov.au, "Kalumburu", "Ibid." ] He underwent more than 40 operations resulting from his injuries, but lived until the early 1980s. [Loane 2004, p. 206]

One man had died while walking to Drysdale River and he was buried at the mission. [ peoplesvoice.gov.au, "Kalumburu" ] He was the only fatality resulting from the attacks on the "Koolama".

Later in 1942, a Marine Board of Inquiry exonerated all the crew members of any wrongdoing. Both Eggleston and Reynolds had long careers, including positions as Marine Superintendents, with the State Shipping Service.

In 1947, an attempt to refloat "Koolama" was unsuccessful. The hull was raised the following year, albeit only to clear Wyndham harbour. It was towed out to sea and scuttled.

Footnotes

References

*Ingo Helbig, 2003, "Malice or Mutiny: The Koolama Incident" (documentary film; Storyteller Productions: Willetton, WA)
*Bill Loane, 2004, "The Koolama Incident in the Timor Sea, 1942" (Rosenberg Publishing: Kenthurst, NSW)
*Father Eugene Perez OSB, 1981, "The Kalumburu War Diary" (Artlook Books: Perth, WA).

External links

* [http://www.abc.net.au/gnt/history/Transcripts/s981113.htm ABC-TV, "Malice or Mutiny/Koolama" ("George Negus Tonight"; broadcast November 3, 2003)] Transcript; access date: April 17, 2007.
* [http://members.iinet.net.au/~koolama/ Bill Loane, 2004, "The Koolama Incident"] Access date: April 17, 2007.
* [http://www.environment.gov.au/coasts/pollution/dumping/history/pubs/sea-dumping-scuttled.pdf Ronald Parsons & Geoff Plunkett, 1998, "Scuttled and Abandoned Ships in Australian Waters" (2nd Edition)] (environment.gov.au) Access date: April 17, 2007.
* [http://peoplesvoice.gov.au/stories/wa/kalumburu/kalumburu_w_drysdale.htm peoplesvoice.gov.au (no date), "Kalumburu"] Access date: September 24, 2006.
* [http://peoplesvoice.gov.au/stories/wa/wyndham/wyndham_w_koolama.htm peoplesvoice.gov.au (no date), "MV Koolama"] Access date: September 24, 2006.