Koodiyattam

Koodiyattam or Kutiyattam (pronounced|kuːʈijaːʈːam) is a form of Sanskrit theatre traditionally performed in the state of Kerala, India. Performed in the Sanskrit language in Hindu temples, it is believed to be 2000 years old. It is officially recognised by UNESCO as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.

Origin

Koodiyattam [kutiyattam] , meaning 'combined acting' signifies Sanskrit drama presented in the traditional style in temple theatres of Kerala and is the only surviving specimen of the ancient Sanskrit theatre. It has an attested history of a thousand years in Kerala, but its origin and evolution are shrouded in mystery. It seems that Kutiyattam is an amalgam of the classical Sanskrit theatre of ancient India and the regional theatre of Kerala.It is believed that Kulasekhara Varman Cheraman Perumal, an ancient king of Kerala, who ruled from Mahodayapuram (modern Kodungallur) reformed Koodiyattam, introducing the local language for Vidusaka and structuring presentation of the play to well defined units. He himself wrote two plays, "Subhadraharana" and "Tapatisamvarana" and made arrangements for their presentation on stage with the help of a Brahmin friend of him called Tolan. These plays are still presented on stage. Apart from these, the plays traditionally presented include Ascaryacudamani of Saktibhadra, Kalyanasaugandhika of Nilakantha, Bhagavadajjuka of Bodhayana, "Nagananda of Harsa", and many plays ascribed to Bhasa including Abhiseka and Pratima. The Kutiyattam performance was confined to the temple precincts of Kerala in specially constructed theatres called Kutampalams.

Instruments used

Traditionally, the main musical instruments used in Koodiyattam are Mizhavu, Kuzhitalam, Etakka, Kurumkuzhal and Sankhu. Mizhavu, the most prominent of these, is a percussion instrument which is played by a person of the Ambalavas Nambiar caste, accompanied by Nangyaramma playing the kuzhithalam (a type of cymbal).

Performance style

Traditionally, Koodiyattam has been performed by Chakyars (a subcaste of Kerala Hindus) and by Nangyaramma (women of the Ambalavasi Nambiar caste). The name "Koodiyattam" (meaning "playing together") suggests a combined performance of Chakyar and Nangyar. The main actor is a Chakyar who performs the ritualistic Koothu and Koodiyattam inside the temple or in the Koothambalam. Chakyar women, Illotammas, are not allowed to participate. Instead, the female roles are played by Nangyaramma.

The practice was that elders of the Chakyar community taught it to the youngsters of that community and it was an artform performed only by Chakyars till the 1950s. In 1955 Guru Mani Madhava Chakyar performed Kutiyattam outside the temple for the first time. [* Harvard reference
Author=Das Bhargavinilayam
Last=Bhargavinilayam
First=Das
Title= [http://www.kerala.gov.in/dept_culture/books.htm Mani Madhaveeyam] (biography of Mani Madhava Chakyar)
Publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala
Year=1999
ID= ISBN 81-86365-78-8] For performing the art forms outside the temples he faced many problems from the hardline Chakyar community. In his own words
"My own people condemned my action (performing Koothu and Kutiyattam outside the precincts of the temples), Once, after I had given performances at Vaikkom, they even thought about excommunicating me. I desired that this art should survive the test of time. That was precisely why I ventured outside the temple" ["Mani Madhava Chakkyar: The Master at Work", K.N. Panikar, Sangeet Natak Akademi New Delhi, 1994]

In 1962, under the leadership of Dr. V. Raghavan, noted art and Sanskrit scholar; "Sanskrit Ranga" of Madras, invited Guru Mani Madhava Chakyar to perform Kutiyattam in Chennai. Thus for the first time in the history Kutiyattam was performed outside Kerala. [Harvard reference
Author=
Last=p. 10, 89
First=
Title= [http://www.google.co.in/books?id=a_MvAAAAIAAJ&q=mani+madhava+cakyar&dq=mani+madhava+cakyar&pgis=1 The Samskrita Ranga Annual]
Publisher=Samskrita Ranga, Madras
Year=1963
ID=
page= 89] [Harvard reference
Author= Venkatarama Raghavan, A. L. Mudaliar
Last=p. 240
First=
Title= [http://www.google.co.in/books?id=7t8ZAAAAMAAJ&dq=mani+madhava&lr= Bibliography of the Books, Papers & Other Contributions of Dr. V. Raghavan]
Publisher=New Order Book Co., India
Year=1968
ID=
page= 370] They presented at Madras on three nights, Kutiyattam scenes from three plays Abhiṣeka, Subhadrādhanañjaya and Nāgānda. [Harvard reference
Author=
Last=p. 77
First=
Title= [http://www.google.co.in/books?id=vW2O6954zhsC&q=mani+madhava+chakyar&dq=mani+madhava+chakyar&lr=&pgis=1 The Samskrita Ranga Annual]
Publisher=Samskrita Ranga, Madras
Year=1967
ID=
page= 77]

The performance of the maestro Maani Maadhava Chakyar made great impact on the people and art critics so that Kutiyattam and Mani Madhava Chakyar became famous outside Kerala also. People outside Kerala was able to witness the extraordinary talent of the maestro. Dr. V Raghavan, [http://www.google.co.in/books?id=O_U7AAAAMAAJ&dq=mani+madhava&q=mani+madhava&pgis=1#search p.21] "Natya", Bharatiya Natya Sangh, 1962.] Then Mani Madhava Chakyar was invited and performed Kutiyattam at various places of North India like New Delhi and Banaras (1964). It made the critic to accept his authority in Rasa Abhinaya, Natyasastra and Kutiyattam.

After Mani Madhava Chakyar's first tour to New Delhi, he was awarded immediately with Sangeet Natak Akademi Award in 1964 for his "contributions to Chakyar Koothu and Kutiyattam", which became the first national recognition to the maestro and the art form. His supremacy in "Rasa-abhinaya" and "Netrabhinaya" and Kutiyattam became very famous and attracted lot of people towards the art form.

He performed Kudiyattam all over India and popularized the same. He along with his troop did Koodiyattam performance in places like Madras (1962, 1973 & 1977), Madhura (1962), New Delhi (1964, 1966, 1974, 1979 & 1983), Varanasi (1964 & 1979), Bombay (1973), Ujjain (1982), Bhopal (1987) etc.

The President of India, scholar and philosopher, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan invited him to perform Kutiyattam at Rashtrapati Bhavan (presidential palace) in 1964 and was impressed by the Guru's exceptional acting skill. His Kutiyattam performances, lectures and demonstrations at well known centres like "Madras Music Academy" in Chennai, "International Centre for Kathakali" in New Delhi, "Experimental theatre" in New Delhi and Bombay, "National Centre for the Performing Arts" in Bombay fetched wide popularity and recognition for his Abhinaya and Kutiyattam.He choreographed and directed acts of the plays like Kalidasa's "Abhijñānaśākuntala", "Vikramorvaśīya" and "Mālavikāgnimitra" ; Bhasa's "Swapnavāsavadatta" [Harvard reference
Author=
Last=p. 176
First=
Title= [http://books.google.com/books?id=YfQvAAAAIAAJ&q=madhava+chakyar&dq=madhava+chakyar&lr=&pgis=1 The Samskrita Ranga Annual]
Publisher=Samskrita Ranga, Madras
Year=1987
ID=
page= 176] and "Pancharātra"; Harsha's "Nagananda" for the first time in the history of Koodiyattam. He along with his troupe performed these Kutiyattams all over India.citeweb|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2005/03/25/stories/2005032502310300.htm|title= New life for Koodiyattom act |publisher="The Hindu", March 25, 2005]

He performed Chakyar Koothu and Koodiyattam for All India Radio and "Doordarshan" for the first time, which helped to attract thousands of listeners to these traditional art forms. It was he who started demonstrations in Kudiyattam to popularise the same.

In early 1960s Maria Christoffer Byrski, a Polish student doing research in Indian theatres at Banaras Hindu University came to study Koodiyattam from the maestro Mani Madhava Chakyar and became the first non-Chakyar/nambiar to learn the art form. He stayed in Guru's home at Killikkurussimangalam and studied the art form in traditional Gurukula way.

Famous artists

In the modern world, the late "Natyacharya Vidushakaratnam Padma Shree" Guru Mani Madhava Chakyar has been the best-known face of Koodiyattam. He was known for mastery of "Rasa Abhinaya" with special reference to "Netrābhinaya". He has been a major force in popularizing Koodiyattam by taking it out of the Hindu temples, performing across India with his troupe, and teaching it to non-Chakyar caste members. He has also adapted, choreographed and directed well-known plays such as Kalidasa's "The Recognition of Sakuntala", "Vikramorvaśīya" and "Mālavikāgnimitra"; Bhasa's "Swapnavāsadatta" and "Pancharātra" for performance in the Koodiyattam style. [Mani Madhava Chakkyar: The Master at Work ("film- English"), Kavalam N. Panikar, Sangeet Natak Akademi, New Delhi, 1994.]

Mani Madhava Chakkiar's disciple and nephew Mani Damodara Chakyar is also a renowned Koodiyattam performer, who is an exponent of traditional devotional Koodiyattams, such as "Anguliyanka", "Mattavilasa Prahasana", "Mantranka", "Ezhamanka" (seventh act of "Ascharyachoodamani").

Guru P.K. Narayanan Nambiar, son of Guru Mani Madhava Chakkiar was a member of Kutiyattam faculty of Kalamandalam. He is considered as a living authority on Kudiyattam. The other major living masters of Kutiyattam include Guru/s Ammannur Madhava Chakkiar, Kidangur Rama Chakkiar,Ammannoor Parameswara Chakyar,Painkulam Damodaran Chakyar Muzhikulam Kochu Kuttan Chakkiar,Kalamandalam Sivan Namboodiri,and Kalamandalam Rama Chakkiar, Margi Sajeev, and Margi Madhu.

Related literature and books

*"Natyakalpadruma" (1975), a Kerala Sahitya Academy Award-winning book on Koodiyattam written by Guru Mani Madhava Chakyar, considered authoritative by scholars. [Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy and Venkateswarier Subramaniam, "The Sacred and the Secular in India's Performing Arts: Ananda K. Coomaraswamy Centenary Essays"(1980), Ashish Publishers, p. 150.]
*The "Nātya Shāstra", an ancient work of dramatic theory Bharata Muni describes the Sanskrit theatre of the Gupta Empire; Koodiyattam is believed to preserve some aspects of the performance style of that period.
*"Abhinaya darpana" by Nandikeshvara,another work of dramatic theory comparable to the "Nātya Shāstra".
*Farley Richmond, "Kutiyattam: Sanskrit Theater of India" (University of Michigan Press, 2002). CD-ROM featuring videos and text.

References

* Harvard reference
Author=Mani Madhava Chakiar
Last=Chakiar
First=Mani Madhava
Title=Nātyakalpadrumam
Publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi, New Delhi
Year=1975
ID=

* Harvard reference
Author=Kunjunni Raja K
Last=Raja
First=Kunjunni
Title=An Introduction to Kutiyattam
Publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi, New Delhi
Year=1964
ID=

* Mani Madhava Chakkyar: The Master at Work ("film- English"), Kavalam N. Panikar, Sangeet Natak Akademi, New Delhi, 1994.

* Parvati Viraham: Mani Madhava Chakyar as Ravana ("film- English"), Kavalam N. Panikar, Sangeet Natak Akademi, New Delhi, 1993. (features Guru Mani Madhava Chakyar as Ravana in the Pārvatī Viraham (separation of Pārvatī) in Koodiyattam form.

ee also

* Mani Madhava Chakyar
* Mani Damodara Chakyar
* Natyakalpadrumam
* Arts of Kerala
* Koothu
* Kathakali
* Mohiniyattam
* Thulall
* Bharata Muni
* Nandikeshvara

Footnotes

External links

* [http://www.indianngos.com/issue/art&craft/clssicaldance/kutiyattam.htm 'Welcome to Kutiyattam', at "IndianNGOs.com"]
* [http://www.indiaheritage.org/perform/dance/dkerala.htm#Kutiyattam 'Kutiyattam',at "Indian Heritage"]
* [http://www.cyberkerala.com/koodiyattam/ 'Koodiyattam' at "CyberKerala"]
* [http://www.mykerala.net/koodiyattom/ 'Koodiyattam - the "Ritualistic" Sanskrit Theatre of Kerala' at "MyKerala"]
* [http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Mani_Madhava_Chakyar Wikiquote:Guru Mani Madhava Chakyar]