Caspian Turtle

Taxobox
name = Caspian Turtle

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image_width = 240px
image_caption = Balkan Pond Turtle "Mauremys (caspica) rivulata"
status = NE
status_system = iucn2.3
regnum = Animalia
phylum = Chordata
classis = Sauropsida
ordo = Testudines
subordo = Cryptodira
superfamilia = Testudinoidea
familia = Geoemydidae
subfamilia = Geoemydinae
genus = "Mauremys"
species = "M. caspica"
binomial = "Mauremys caspica"
binomial_authority =
synonyms = "Mauremys rivulata" (but see text)

The Caspian turtle or Striped-neck terrapin ("Mauremys caspica") is a species of turtle in the family Geoemydidae (=Bataguridae), living of the eastern Mediterranean region. It ranges from southwestern former USSR and central Iran to Saudi Arabia, Bahrain and Israel, northward through Turkey to Bulgaria, and through Cyprus, Crete, and the Ionian Peninsula to former Yugoslavia.

Description

This is a tan to blackish, medium-sized (to 25 cm), semi-aquatic turtle. Its low, oval carapace has a slight medial keel (better developed in juveniles) and a smooth unserrated marginal border, which is slightly upturned and tapered above the tail. A pair of low lateral keels are present on the pleural scutes of hatchlings but these become lower with age and disappear completely in adults. The carapace is tan to olive or black with yellow to cream-colored reticulations patterning the scutes, and some individuals have yellow vertebral stripes. These light lines fade with age but the pleural seam borders become darker. The well-developed plastron is notched posteriorly. The plastral formulae are given in the subspecies descriptions under Geographic Variation. The plastron is either yellow with variable reddish to dark-brown blotches, or dark brown or black with a yellow blotch along the lateral scute borders. The bridge is either yellow with dark seam borders and dark spots on the corresponding marginals, or almost totally black with a few small yellow marks. The head is not enlarged, and is olive to dark brown with yellow or pale cream-colored stripes. Some stripes extend anteriorly from the neck onto the head. One of these on each side passes above the eye and onto the snout where it meets the stripe from the other side. Several others extend across the tympanum to contact the posterior rim of the orbit, and two additional stripes continue across the snout and pass ventral to the orbit. Neck, limbs, and tail are tan gray to olive or black with yellow, cream, or gray stripes or reticulations.M. caspica has 52 chromosomes; (Killebrew, 1977a; Bickham and Carr, 1983).Females are generally larger than males, have flat plastra and shorter tails with the vent under the rim of the carapace. The smaller males have concave plastra and longer, thicker tails with the vent beyond the rim of the carapace.

Systematics

Four subspecies are recognized: The eastern Caspian turtle, Siebenrock's Caspian turtle, the spotted-bellied Caspian turtle, and the western Caspian turtle.

The eastern Caspian turtle ("Mauremys caspica caspica" [Gmelin, 1774] ) was recently split into three forms [Wischuf and Fritz, 1996] [Fritz and Wischuf, 1997] . The nominate subspecies occurs in central Turkey and northern Iran, northward to the Republic of Georgia and eastward to southwestern Turkmenistan. It has wider reticulations on its carapace than M. c. rivulata, and a yellow-to-tan plastron with a regularly shaped large dark blotch on each scute. These more or less symmetrically arranged plastral spots may merge to one dark central spot, but a yellow border to the plastron often remains [Wischuf and Fritz, 1996] . The soft parts are mainly dark, and the bridge is mainly yellow with some dark lines or spots (but may be dark in old melanistic individuals [Fritz and Wischuf, 1997] ). Its plastral formula is "fem > abd > pect > gul > hum > an" for males, and "abd > fem > pect > gul > hum > an" for females.

Siebenrock's Caspian turtle ("M. c. siebenrocki" [Wischuf and Fritz, in Fritz and Wischuf, 1997] ), occurs in Iran and Iraq, with relict populations in Saudi Arabia and on the island of Bahrain; it intergrades with "M. c. caspica" in Mesopotamia. This light form with contrasting colors resembles "M. c. caspica" but has a yellow-to-orange plastron with a small to medium-sized regularly shaped dark blotch on each scute. The soft parts are lighter than in "M. c. caspica", and, unlike in this subspecies, age-related melanism does not occur [Fritz and Wischuf, 1997] .

The spotted-bellied Caspian turtle ("M. c. ventrimaculata" [Wischuf and Fritz, 1996] is endemic to the highlands of the Kor and Maharloo basins in southern Iran. It is distinguished from the "caspica" and "siebenrocki" subspecies by a yellow plastron with one or several irregularly shaped black spots on each scute. In older individuals this results in a complex plastral pattern of irregular dark markings.

The western Caspian turtle ("M. c. rivulata" [Valenciennes, 1833] ) ranges throughout southeastern Europe (former Yugoslavia to Greece, the Ionian Islands, Crete, and Cyprus), Bulgaria, eastern to south-central Turkey, coastal Syria, Lebanon, and Israel; records from the vicinity of Ankara and from Lake Emir are questioned by Fritz [Fritz, 1995c] ). This subspecies has narrow or fine reticulations on its carapace (which may be lost with age [Fritz and Wischuf, 1997] ), and a totally black plastron and bridge. Age-related flavism may occur, resulting in a mainly yellow plastron with black reduced to the seams. This subspecies can be separated from melanistic "M. c. caspica" by differences in head, neck and foreleg pattern [Fritz and Wischuf, 1997] . Its plastral formula usually is "abd > fem > pect > gul > an > hum" in both sexes, but variations of this have been described in Izmir populations. [Taskavak et al., 1997]

According to Fritz and Wischuf [Fritz and Wischuf, 1997] , "M. c. caspica sensu lato" ("caspica", "siebenrocki" and "ventrimaculata") and "M. c. rivulata" only intergrade in two populations near the Turkish-Syrian border; no wide intergradation belt between these two forms exists. Therefore they propose "rivulata" to be separated as a "monotypic semi-species". "Rivulata" and members of the main "caspica" group are known to produce (presumably fertile) hybrids, so they should never be housed together in captivity [Buskirk "et al." (2001)]

The Spanish pond turtle ("Mauremys leprosa") was formerly considered a subspecies of "M. caspica", but studies of the electrophoretic properties of its proteins [Merkle, 1975] , and studies of its morphology [Busack and Ernst, 1980] have shown it to be a separate species.

Ecology

Mauremys caspica occurs in large numbers in almost any permanent freshwater body within its range. It also lives in irrigation canals and is quite tolerant of brackish situations. Reed (1957) reported that the turtles at one Iraq site lacked the ability to swim. Instead, they would crawl out of the water periodically to breathe and then slide back in again. A captive from there could not be induced to swim. Reed thought this behavior to be an adaptation to the extreme variability in the supply of surface water in the area.

Breeding usually takes place in early spring, but may also occur in the fall (Anderson, 1979). The courtship behavior has not been described, but must be similar to that of captivity. Nesting occurs in June and July. A typical clutch is four to six, elongated (20-30 x 35-40 mm), brittle-shelled, white eggs. Hatchlings have round carapaces about 33 mm in length, and are brighter colored than the adults.Mauremys caspica may occur in large populations in certain areas, especially in permanent water bodies. In temporary waters it is forced to aestivate in the mud in summer, and the more northern populations hibernate during winter. It is very fond of basking, but disappears at the least disturbance. Anderson (1979) reported that many are killed each year by humans who obtain their eggs to use in treating ubiquitous eye ailments. Storks and vultures also take a heavy toll of juveniles and adults, respectively.M. caspica is carnivorous, feeding on small invertebrates, aquatic insects, amphibians, and carrion.

Notes

References

*aut|Buskirk, James R.; Parham, James F. & Feldman, Chris R. (2005): On the hybridisation between two distantly related Asian turtles (Testudines: "Sacalia" × "Mauremys"). "Salamandra" 41: 21-26. [http://cc.usu.edu/~crfeldman/Buskirk_et_al_05.pdf PDF fulltext]
*Fritz, U. and Wischuf, T (1997): Zur Systematik westasiatisch-südosteuropaischer Bachschildkröten (Gattung Mauremys) (Reptilia: Testudines: Bataguridae) - Zool. Abh. Mus. Tierk. Dresden 49(13), pp. [223-260]
*Wischuf, Tilman;Fritz, Uwe. (1996) Eine neue Unterart der Bachschildkröte (mauremys caspica ventrimaculata subsp. nov.) aus dem Iranischen Hochland (A new subspecies of the Caspian turtle (Mauremys caspica ventrimaculata subsp. nov.) from the Iranian Highlands). "Salamandra." Vol. 32, No. 2. pp. 113-122.

External links

* [http://www.tortoisetrust.org/articles/mauremys.html An introduction to the Mauremys turtles of the Mediterranean]