Groans of the Britons

The Groans of the Britons (Latin: "gemitus Britannorum") is the name of the final appeal made by the post-Roman Romano-British population of Britain for assistance against foreign invasion. It describes a people in extreme danger and was an attempt to persuade the late Western Roman Empire to send troops across the English Channel to help defend its former subjects from the Saxons. The collapsing Roman Empire had few military resources to spare during the period referred to as the Decline of the Roman Empire and, as is briefly described here, the record is ambiguous on what was the response to the appeal, if any.

The message

Dated to c. 446, the message is recorded by Gildas in his "De Excidio Britanniae", and later Bede, as being a last-ditch plea for assistance to Aëtius, military leader of the Western Roman Empire who spent most of the 440s fighting insurgents in Gaul and Hispania (although some believe that the 'Agitius' mentioned is actually Aegidius). The usurper Constantine III had taken the last Roman troops from Britain in 407 and the civilian administration had been expelled by the natives a little later, leaving the inhabitants to fend for themselves during increasingly fraught times.

The plea as recorded by Gildas reads:

:"To Agitius, thrice consul, the groans of the Britons... the barbarians drive us to the sea, the sea drives us to the barbarians, between these two means of death we are either killed or drowned."

Problems of dating and interpretation

"Barbarians" refers to the Saxon settlers who had been living alongside the Britons since the 430s. Their attacks continued and no military assistance was ever sent. A visit by Germanus, a former Roman general and by then Bishop of Auxerre, in around 446–7 could have constituted Aetius' response, but c. 440 is a more widely accepted date for this second mission of his to Britain.

The reference to Aetius' third consulship however is useful in dating the increasing strife in Britain during this period. That Gildas' mention of the appeal is a minor part of a much larger religious polemic however, means that the image described may be more hyperbolic than realistic, especially as his sources were probably derived from oral tradition. The traditional picture of society in post-Roman Britain as being besieged and chaotic is also being increasingly challenged by archaeological evidence.

Traditionally, the barbarian Saxons were settlers, invited by Vortigern to aid him in battling the Picts but by 442 the Britons had lost control of their guests and Romano-British society was finally breaking down. Germanus had led the Britons to a great victory ten or fifteen years earlier and it may have been that he was sent by Aetius in lieu of troops, to provide military and spiritual guidance to the Britons on how to defend and govern themselves.

The Anglo-Saxon settlement continued for many years, with perhaps a short interruption after the Battle of Mount Badon in the late 5th century, and eventually Celtic culture was almost entirely replaced in southern and eastern Great Britain.

ee also

*Roman departure from Britain
*Battle of Mons Badonicus
*Sub-Roman Britain
*Gododdin
*Gwent
*Wessex

References

*Gildas
*Bede
*Mummy, Kevin, [http://userwww.sfsu.edu/~epf/2002/mummey.html "The Groans of the Britons: Toward the British "Civitates" Period ca. 406-455 C.E."] , "Ex Post Facto: Journal of the History Students at San Francisco State University", 2002