Hutong

"Hutongs" (zh-stp|s=|t=|p=hútòng) are narrow streets or alleys, most commonly associated with Beijing, China.In Beijing, hutongs are alleys formed by lines of "siheyuan", traditional courtyard residences. Many neighbourhoods were formed by joining one "siheyuan" to another to form a hutong, and then joining one hutong to another. The word hutong is also used to refer to such neighbourhoods.

Since the mid-20th century, the number of Beijing hutongs has dropped dramatically as they are demolished to make way for new roads and buildings. More recently, some hutongs have been designated as protected areas in an attempt to preserve this aspect of Chinese cultural history.

Historical hutongs

During China’s dynastic period, emperors planned the city of Beijing and arranged the residential areas according to the social classes of the Zhou Dynasty (1027 - 256 BC). At the center was the Forbidden City, surrounded in concentric circles by the Inner City and Outer City. Citizens of higher social status were permitted to live closer to the center of the circles.Fact|date=August 2008

Aristocrats lived to the east and west of the imperial palace. The large siheyuan of these high-ranking officials and wealthy merchants often featured beautifully carved and painted roof beams and pillars and carefully landscaped gardens. The hutongs they formed were orderly, lined by spacious homes and walled gardens. Farther from the palace, and to its north and south, were the commoners, merchants, artisans, and laborers. Their siheyuan were far smaller in scale and simpler in design and decoration, and the hutongs were narrower.Fact|date=August 2008

Nearly all siheyuan had their main buildings and gates facing south for better lighting; thus a majority of hutongs run from east to west. Between the main hutongs, many tiny lanes ran north and south for convenient passage.Fact|date=August 2008

Historically, a hutong was also once used as the lowest level of administrative geographical divisions within a city in ancient China, as in the paifang (牌坊) system: the largest division within a city in ancient China was a "fang" (坊), equivalent to current day precinct. Each fang (坊) was enclosed by walls or fences, and the gates of these enclosures were shut and guarded every night, somewhat like a modern gated community. Each fang (坊) was further divided into several "plate" or "pai" (牌), which is equivalent to a current day (unincorporated) community (or neighborhood). Each pai (牌), in turn, contained an area including several hutongs, and during the Ming Dynasty, Beijing was divided into a total of 36 fangs (坊).Fact|date=August 2008

However, as the ancient Chinese urban administration division system gave way to population and household divisions instead of geographical divisions, the hutongs were no longer used as the lowest level of administrative geographical division and were replaced with other divisional approaches.Fact|date=August 2008

Hutongs in the modern era

At the turn of the 20th century, the Qing court was disintegrating as China’s dynastic era came to an end. The traditional arrangement of hutongs was also affected. Many new hutongs, built haphazardly and with no apparent plan, began to appear on the outskirts of the old city, while the old ones lost their former neat appearance. The social stratification of the residents also began to evaporate, reflecting the collapse of the feudal system.Fact|date=August 2008

During the period of the Republic of China from 1911 to 1948, society was unstable, fraught with civil wars and repeated foreign invasions. Beijing deteriorated, and the conditions of the hutongs worsened. Siheyuans previously owned and occupied by single families were subdivided and shared by many households, with additions tacked on as needed, built with whatever materials were available. The 978 hutongs listed in Qing Dynasty records swelled to 1,330 by 1949.Fact|date=August 2008

Decline of hutongs

Following the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, many of the old hutongs disappeared, replaced by the high rises and wide boulevards of today’s Beijing. Many citizens left the lanes where their families resided for generations, resettling in apartment buildings with modern amenities. In Xicheng District, for example, nearly 200 hutongs (24 pc) out of the 820 it held in 1949 have disappeared. The Beijing Municipal Construction Committee stated that, in 2004, some convert|250000|m2|ha of old housing – 20,000 households – would be demolished.Fact|date=August 2008

However, many of Beijing’s ancient hutongs still stand, and a number of them have been designated protected areas. The older neighborhoods survive today, offering a glimpse of life in the capital city as it has been for generations.Fact|date=August 2008

In Beijing, the hutongs in the vicinity of the Bell Tower and Shichahai Lake are especially well preserved. Some are several hundred years old, attracting tourists who tour the quarter in pedicabs.Fact|date=August 2008

Hutong culture

Hutong represents an important culture element of Beijing city. Thanks to Beijing’s long history and superior status as capital for six dynasties, almost every hutong has its anecdotes, and some are even associated with historic events. In contrast to the court life and elite culture represented by the Forbidden City, Summer Palace, and the Temple of Heaven, the hutongs reflect the culture of grassroots Beijingers. The hutongs are residential neighborhoods which still form the heart of Old Beijing.Fact|date=August 2008

Other information

Each hutong has a name. Some have had only one name since their creation, while others have had several throughout their history.

Names were given to hutongs for various reasons:

*Place names, such as Inner Xizhimen Hutong
*Plants, such as Liushu Hutong ("Liushu" means willow)
*Directions, as Xi Hongmen Hutong ("Xi" means west)
*Beijing idioms such as Yizi Hutong (a local term for soap is "yizi")
*Words with positive attributes, such as Xiqing Hutong ("Xiqing" means happy)
*Markets and businesses, such as Yangshi Hutong ("Yangshi" is a sheep market)
*Temples, such as Guanyinsi Hutong ("Guanyinsi" is the Kuan-yin Temple)
*People's names, such as Mengduan Hutong.

While most Beijing hutongs are straight, Jiudaowan Hutong turns nineteen times.

At its narrowest section, Qianshi Hutong near Qianmen (Front Gate) is only 40 centimeters wide.

See also

* Siheyuan
* Shikumen, alleys in Shanghai

External links

* [http://www.usatoday.com/sports/olympics/beijing/2008-08-13-hutong_N.htm?loc=interstitialskip "'Real people' transition in China's old hutongs," USA Today, August 14, 2008]
* [http://www.socialcapitalgateway.org/oldbeijing.htm Hutongs pictures in Liulichang, Qianmen and Panjiayuan]
* [http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-02/16/content_306506.htm "China Daily" article on hutong research]