Populus

Taxobox
name = "Populus"


image_width = 240px
image_caption = Foliage of "Populus tremula"
regnum = Plantae
divisio = Magnoliophyta
classis = Magnoliopsida
ordo = Malpighiales
familia = Salicaceae
genus = "Populus"
genus_authority = L.
subdivision_ranks = Sections
subdivision = See text

"Populus" is a genus of between 25–35 species of flowering plants in the family Salicaceae, native to most of the Northern Hemisphere. English names variously applied to different species include poplar, aspen, and cottonwood.

They are medium-sized to large or very large deciduous trees growing to 15–50 m tall, with trunks up to 2.5 m diameter. The bark on young trees is smooth, white to greenish or dark grey, often with conspicuous lenticels; on old trees it remains smooth in some species, but becomes rough and deeply fissured in others. The shoots are stout, with (unlike in the related willows) the terminal bud present. The leaves are spirally arranged, and vary in shape from triangular to circular or (rarely) lobed, and with a long petiole; in species in the sections "Populus" and "Aegiros", the petioles are laterally flattened, so that breezes easily cause the leaves to wobble back and forth, giving the whole tree a "twinkling" appearance in a breeze. Leaf size is very variable even on a single tree, typically with small leaves on side shoots, and very large leaves on strong-growing lead shoots. The leaves often turn bright gold to yellow before they fall during autumn.Meikle, R. D. (1984). "Willows and Poplars of Great Britain and Ireland". BSBI Handbook No. 4. ISBN 0-901158-07-0.] Rushforth, K. (1999). "Trees of Britain and Europe". Collins ISBN 0-00-220013-9.]

The flowers are mostly dioecious (rarely monoecious) and appear in early spring before the leaves. They are borne in long, drooping, sessile or pedunculate catkins produced from buds formed in the axils of the leaves of the previous year. The flowers are each seated in a cup-shaped disk which is borne on the base of a scale which is itself attached to the rachis of the catkin. The scales are obovate, lobed and fringed, membranous, hairy or smooth, usually caducous. The male flowers are without calyx or corolla, and comprise a group of 4–60 stamens inserted on a disk; filaments short, pale yellow; anthers oblong, purple or red, introrse, two-celled; cells opening longitudinally. The female flower also has no calyx or corolla, and comprises a single-celled ovary seated in a cup-shaped disk. The style is short, with 2–4 stigmas, variously lobed, and numerous ovules. Pollination is by wind, with the female catkins lengthening considerably between pollination and maturity. The fruit is a two to four-valved capsule, green to reddish-brown, mature in mid summer, containing numerous minute light brown seeds surrounded by tufts of long, soft, white hairs which aid wind dispersal.cite book | last =Keeler | first =H. L. | title =Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them | publisher =Charles Scriber's Sons | date =1900 | location =New York | pages =410-412 ]

Poplars of the cottonwood section are often wetlands or riparian trees. The aspens are among the most important boreal broadleaf trees.

Poplars and aspens are important food plants for the larvae of a large number of Lepidoptera species - see List of Lepidoptera that feed on poplars.

Classification

The genus "Populus" has traditionally been divided into six sections on the basis of leaf and flower characters;Eckenwalder, J. E. (1977). North American cottonwoods (Populus, Salicaceae) of sections Abaso and Aigeiros. "J. Arnold Arbor". 58: 193-208.] this classification is followed below. Recent genetic studies have largely supported this, though showing that the relationships are somewhat more complex, with some reticulate evolution due to past hybridisation and introgression events between the groups; some species (noted below) had differing relationships indicated by their nuclear DNA (paternally inherited) and chloroplast DNA sequences (maternally inherited), a clear indication of likely hybrid origin.Hamzeh, M., & Dayanandan, S. (2004). Phylogeny of Populus (Salicaceae) based on nucleotide sequences of chloroplast TRNT-TRNF region and nuclear rDNA. "Amer. J. Bot". 91: 1398-1408. Available [http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/91/9/1398 online] ] Hybridisation continues to be common in the genus, with several hybrids between species in different sections known.
*"Populus" section "Populus" - aspens and White Poplar. Circumpolar subarctic and cool temperate, and mountains farther south (White Poplar warm temperate)
**"Populus tremula" - Common Aspen, Trembling Aspen or Eurasian Aspen. Europe, northern Asia. This is the type species of the genus.
**"Populus adenopoda" - Chinese Aspen. Eastern Asia.
**"Populus alba" - White Poplar. Southern Europe to central Asia.
***"Populus × canescens" ("P. alba × P. tremula") - Grey Poplar
**"Populus grandidentata" - Bigtooth Aspen. Eastern North America.
**"Populus sieboldii" - Japanese Aspen. Eastern Asia.
**"Populus tremuloides" - Quaking Aspen or Trembling Aspen. North America.

*"Populus" section "Aegiros" [Note: the spelling is disputed; some sources use "Aegiros", others use "Aigeiros"] - black poplars or cottonwoods. North America, Europe, western Asia; temperate
**"Populus deltoides" - Eastern Cottonwood. Eastern North America.
**"Populus fremontii" - Fremont Cottonwood. Western North America.
**"Populus nigra" - Black Poplar. Europe. Placed here by nuclear DNA; cpDNA places in sect. "Populus".
***"Populus × canadensis" ("P. nigra × P. deltoides") - Hybrid Black Poplar

*"Populus" section "Tacamahaca" - balsam poplars. North America, Asia; cool temperate
**"Populus angustifolia" - Willow-leaved Poplar or Narrowleaf Cottonwood. Central North America.
**"Populus balsamifera" - Ontario Balsam Poplar. Northern North America.
**"Populus laurifolia" - Laurel-leaf Poplar. Central Asia.
**"Populus maximowiczii" - Maximowicz' Poplar. Northeast Asia.
**"Populus simonii" - Simon's Poplar. Northeast Asia.
**"Populus szechuanica" Northeast Asia. Placed here by nuclear DNA; cpDNA places in sect. "Aegiros".
**"Populus trichocarpa" - Western Balsam Poplar or Black Cottonwood. Western North America.
**"Populus tristis" - Northeast Asia. Placed here by nuclear DNA; cpDNA places in sect. "Aegiros".

*"Populus" section "Leucoides" - necklace poplars or bigleaf poplars. Eastern North America, eastern Asia; warm temperate
**"Populus heterophylla" - Swamp Cottonwood. Southeastern North America.
**"Populus lasiocarpa" - Chinese Necklace Poplar. Eastern Asia.
**"Populus wilsonii" - Wilson's Poplar. Eastern Asia.

*"Populus" section "Turanga" - subtropical poplars. Southwest Asia, east Africa; subtropical to tropical
**"Populus euphratica" - Euphrates Poplar. Southwest Asia.
**"Populus ilicifolia" - Tana River Poplar. East Africa.

*"Populus" section "Abaso" - Mexican poplars. Mexico; subtropical to tropical
**"Populus guzmanantlensis" Mexico.
**"Populus mexicana" - Mexico Poplar. Mexico.

In the September 2006 issue of "Science", it was announced that "Populus trichocarpa" was the first tree to have its full DNA code sequenced. [Joint Genome Institute: [http://genome.jgi-psf.org/Poptr1_1/Poptr1_1.home.html "Populus trichocarpa"] ]

Cultivation and uses

Many poplars are grown as ornamental trees, with numerous cultivars selected. They have the advantage of growing very big very fast. Trees with fastigiate (erect, columnar) branching are particularly popular, and very widely grown across Europe and southwest Asia. However, like willows, poplars have very vigorous and invasive root systems stretching up to 40 m from the trees; planting close to houses or ceramic water pipes may result in damaged foundations and cracked walls and pipes due to their search for moisture.

Fast-growing hybrid poplars are grown on plantations in many areas for pulpwood and used for the manufacture of paper. [ [http://www.peupliersdefrance.org/indexGB.htm/ Poplar cultivation in Europe] ] The wood is generally white, often with a slightly yellowish cast. It is also sold as inexpensive hardwood timber, used for pallets and cheap plywood; more specialised uses include matches and the boxes in which camembert cheese is sold. Poplar wood is widely used in the snowboard industry for the snowboard "core", because it has exceptional flexibility.

Poplar was the most common wood used in Italy for panel paintings; the Mona Lisa and indeed most famous early renaissance Italian paintings are on poplar.

Due to its tannic acid content, the bark has been used in Europe for tanning leather.

There has been some interest in using poplar as an energy crop for biofuel, particularly in light of its high energy in - energy out ratio, large carbon mitigation potential and fast growth.

Poplar wood also, particularly when seasoned, makes a good hearth for a bow drill. It was picked as the material for the bones of "Buster", the crash test dummy used in the TV show MythBusters, after some experiments revealed that it fractures under approximately the same loads as human bone. Poplar is sometimes used in the bodies of electric guitars and drums.

A folk tradition noted among Michigan miners in the early 20th century asserted that poplar wood was used to make the cross upon which Jesus Christ was crucified. [ cite journal
title =Why the Poplar Stirs. Superstition of Miners in Michigan (in Notes and Queries)
journal =The Journal of American Folklore
volume =13
issue =50
pages =226
date =1900
url =http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-8715%28190007%2F09%2913%3A50%3C226%3AWTPSSO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-5
format = PDF
accessdate = 2008-01-31 ]

References