Shepherdia canadensis

Taxobox
name = Canada Buffaloberry


image_width = 250px
regnum = Plantae
divisio = Magnoliophyta
classis = Magnoliopsida
ordo = Rosales
familia = Elaeagnaceae
genus = "Shepherdia"
species = "S. canadensis"
binomial = "Shepherdia canadensis"
binomial_authority = (L.) Nutt.

The Canada Buffaloberry ("Shepherdia canadensis"), also known as Russet Buffaloberry, Soopolallie, Soapberry or Foamberry, is one of a small number of shrubs of the genus "Shepherdia" bearing edible red berries. One recognized form however bears yellow fruits. The berries have an extremely bitter taste.

The plant is a deciduous shrub found in open forests and thickets all over North America. Its northern limit is around the Arctic Circle. The shrub reaches a height of 1-4 m (3-13 feet).

Fruits are extensively collected by some Canadian First Nations peoples such as Nlaka'pamux (Thompson), St̓átimc and Secwepemc (Shuswap) in the province of British Columbia. The bitter berries are not eaten directly but rather processed as "sxusem" (pronounced "s-khushem", with "kh" sound resembling the final sound in the Scottish word 'loch') or "Indian ice-cream". Branches bearing fruit are hit with a stick and only the very ripe fruits that fall off are collected. A clean mat or tarpaulin is placed below the bush for collection. The berries are later placed into a large bowl that is absolutely free of oil or grease and are mixed with some sweet fruit such as raspberries. The mixture of berries is crushed and vigorously beaten in the manner of whipping cream in order to raise the typical mousse-like foam of the sxusem confection. Sxusem has an agreeable mixture of sweet and moderately bitter flavours, possibly comparable to that encountered in sweetened coffee. The substance is believed by the First Nations peoples who prepare it to have many healthful properties, but the saponin chemicals making up the foam may also cause gastrointestinal irritation if consumed in excessively large quantities. Native theme restaurants in British Columbia have occasionally had sxusem on the menu in recent years.

Britton from 1913Persons reading about saponins should be forewarned that unrelated plants in the genus "Sapindus", which produce highly toxic saponins, share the common name soapberry with the edible Canada Buffaloberry. References to "Sapindus" "soapberry" toxins should not be misattributed to Canada Buffaloberry.

The common name of the plant in British Columbia is soopolallie, a word deriving from the historic Chinook Jargon trading language used in the North American Pacific Northwest in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The name is a composite of the Chinook words for soap (soop) and berry (olallie).

ee also

*Psychedelic plants

External links

* [http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/rSi/fnb/soopolallie.pdf Soopolallie ("Shepherdia canadensis")]
* [http://www.uatuahine.hawaii.edu/hana/si98/sxusem/default.html Sxusem berry picking and related linguistics]
*Turner, Nancy J, Laurence C. Thompson, M. Terry Thompson and Annie Z. York. 1990. Thompson Ethnobotany. Royal British Columbia Museum: Victoria. Pp. 209-211.