V. H. Viglielmo

Valdo H. Viglielmo is a prominent scholar and translator of Japanese literature.

Viglielmo was born on December 11, 1926, in Palisades Park, New Jersey. He grew up in a small rural community in the Hudson Valley of New York State, completing both his primary and secondary school education and beginning his college studies in that state. Being of draft age during World War II and knowing he would have to serve, he chose to volunteer, serving in the ASTRP (Army Specialized Training Reserve Program). He was eventually drafted in January 1945, undergoing basic training in Florida. The European phase of the war ended in May 1945 while he was in training, but the Pacific war was still raging.

Toward the end of his training Viglielmo responded to an appeal for enlisting in a Japanese language program being conducted under the auspices of the ASTP (the word “Reserve” no longer applied) and was sent to the University of Pennsylvania where he began an intensive nine-month course of study, almost exclusively in the spoken language. After the end of the war in August 1945, his training was then directed toward being an interpreter during the Occupation of Japan, and he served as such in the 720th Military Police Battalion in Tokyo from April to September 1946.

Wishing to continue his study of Japanese after his discharge in October 1946, Viglielmo transferred to Harvard University, where he enrolled in the then-Far Eastern Languages Department, receiving his A.B. degree "magna cum laude" in June 1948. He was accepted into the Harvard graduate program for Fall 1948, but chose instead to go to Japan for a three-year position teaching English as a foreign language at Meiji Gakuin University in Tokyo. In the summer of 1951 he returned to Harvard, receiving his M.A. degree in June 1952. Thereupon he moved into the Ph.D. program in Japanese literature, completing his general examinations in June 1953. That same year he won a Ford Fellowship for two years of graduate study in Japan, studying both at Tokyo University and the Gakushūin University, while working on his dissertation topic, “The Later Natsume Sōseki: His Art and Thought.”

At the latter university he was able to participate in a graduate seminar on all of Sōseki’s novels conducted by none other than the foremost Sōseki "deshi" (disciple) and principal biographer Komiya Hōryū. His good fortune continued in the spring of 1955 when his Harvard "sensei" (teacher), Serge Elisséeff, one of the very first foreign graduates of Tokyo University and also a deshi of Sōseki himself, came to Japan and asked him if he would accept an appointment as a Harvard instructor in Japanese language and literature beginning in Fall 1955. Hence he taught at Harvard until June 1958, having completed his doctoral dissertation in December 1955 and having received his Ph.D. degree in March 1956. During the period from Fall 1958 until June 1960 he taught at International Christian University as well as Tokyo Women’s Christian College and Tokyo University. He received an appointment as assistant professor at Princeton University, where he taught Japanese language and literature from September 1960 to January 1965, when he accepted an offer of an associate professorship in the then Department of Asian and Pacific Languages at the University of Hawai‘i, where he was soon promoted to full professor and taught until his retirement at the end of August 2002.

His primary career focus has been on modern Japanese literature, and he has produced many studies of principal authors and their works, as well as translations. In 1971 Viglielmo translated what is arguably the greatest modern Japanese novel, Sōseki’s "Meian" ("Light and Darkness", 1916), which has also received high praise from Western literary critics such as Fredric Jameson and Susan Sontag. Two years earlier, in 1969, he translated a brace of essays, "The Existence and Discovery of Beauty", which the first Japanese Nobel Prize recipient Kawabata Yasunari gave in the form of public lectures as a visiting professor at the University of Hawai‘i in May 1969.

From the late 1950s on Viglielmo developed a strong secondary interest in modern Japanese philosophy, engaging in pioneer work in introducing to the Western world through English translation major works by the two principal figures of the Kyoto school, Nishida Kitarō and Tanabe Hajime, the latter of whom he was able to visit at his home in Kita-Karuizawa in the early spring of 1959. His first translation of Nishida, "Zen no kenkyū" ("A Study of Good", 1911) in 1960 was instrumental in a deepening of East-West comparative philosophy. But his most sustained work in modern Japanese philosophy was a collaborative effort with David A. Dilworth and Agustin Jacinto Zavala, "A Sourcebook for Modern Japanese Philosophy", in 1998, recognized as the first comprehensive study of its kind, with extensive selections from the work of seven major modern Japanese thinkers.

Viglielmo served as simultaneous interpreter at the first International PEN Club meeting in Tokyo in 1957. During his years in Japan he formed friendships with important figures in the "bundan" (literary establishment), including Mishima Yukio, Õe Kenzaburō (Japan’s second recipient of the Nobel Prize for literature), Itō Sei, Satō Haruo, and such prominent critics as Okuno Takeo and Saeki Shōichi.

Viglielmo has contributed to his profession in many ways: he was on the editorial staff of the "Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies", and was the first editor of the "Journal-Newsletter of the Association of Teachers of Japanese", which has since developed into the principal journal of scholars of the Japanese language and literature outside of Japan. He also served as an Executive Committee member of that Association.

At the University of Hawai‘i he has worked to develop and strengthen the Japanese language and literature program. Together with his colleague James T. Araki, Viglielmo succeeded in establishing a Ph.D. program in Japanese literature and has directed two-thirds of the dissertation committees while serving on the committees of almost all of the others. He has also directed many undergraduate honors theses as well as M.A. theses. Viglielmo was the one who insisted that the new department that came into existence upon the merging, in 1983, of the former departments of East Asian Languages and East Asian Literature be named the Department of East Asian Languages and Literatures, thereby maintaining an equal emphasis upon language and literature. He also worked to build strong links with other related departments, especially Philosophy, Religion, and Asian Studies, serving frequently on their M.A. and Ph.D. committees as outside member. The courses he taught within his department ranged from the lower undergraduate level to the graduate level. The course he enjoyed teaching the most and which he often referred to as his “pride and joy” was the one in Meiji-Taishō (1868-1926) literature, where he frequently assigned the reading, in the original Japanese, of his favorite novel, Sōseki’s "Meian", mentioned above. In the area of service he has presented numerous lectures within the university as well as in the community. His work has been recognized in Japan as well, by his having been invited to attend the first International Conference of Japanologists held in Kyoto in 1972.

Another area of great concern to him, peripheral to his main academic focus, has been the peace movement, more specifically the anti-nuclear movement. He developed a close connection with the Japanese anti-nuclear group Gensuikin (Congress for the Abolition of Atomic and Hydrogen Bombs), and especially with the Nagasaki branch of it. He and his wife, Frances, were instrumental in facilitating the erection in 1990 of the Nagasaki Peace Bell in Honolulu, the funding for which came from the survivors of the Nagasaki A-bombing and their relatives and friends. In the summer of 1998 they both were invited to Nagasaki to receive a Peace Prize in honor of their work in the anti-nuclear movement. In the Honolulu community their work for peace and justice was recognized by their being granted Peacemaker of the Year Award in 1988 by the Church of the Crossroads.

Finally, he frequently expressed his gratitude for having been a part of the tremendous expansion of Japanese studies in the West in the postwar period, and, more specifically, for having lived to see the Western view of Japanese literature change from one of rarefied exoticism to one of acceptance and appreciation as an integral part of world literature.

Bibliography

Books

"Japanese Literature in the Meiji Era" (translation and adaptation of Meiji bunkashi: bungei-hen, edited by Okazaki Yoshie). Tokyo: Obunsha, 1955.

"A Study of Good" (translation of Zen no kenkyū by Nishida Kitarō). Tokyo: Japanese National Commission for UNESCO (Japanese Government Printing Bureau), 1960.

"The Existence and Discovery of Beauty" (translation of Bi no sonzai to hakken by Kawabata Yasunari). Tokyo: Mainichi Shinbunsha, 1969.

"Light and Darkness" (translation of "Meian" by Natsume Sōseki, with Afterword). London: Peter Owen, 1971.

"Art and Morality" (translation with David A. Dilworth, of Geijutsu to dōtoku by Nishida Kitarō). Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1973.

"Philosophy as Metanoetics" (translation, with Takeuchi Yoshinori and James Heisig, of "Zangedō to shite no tetsugaku" by Tanabe Hajime). Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986.

"Intuition and Reflection in Self-Consciousness" (translation, with Takeuchi Yoshinori and Joseph O’Leary, of "Jikaku ni okeru chokkan to hansei" by Nishida Kitarō). Albany: State University of New York Press, 1987.

"Sourcebook for Modern Japanese Philosophy: Selected Documents". Translated and edited by David A. Dilworth and Valdo H. Viglielmo with Agustin Jacinto Zavala. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1998.

Articles and Chapters in Books

“Meredeisu to Sōseki: shinrishōsetsu ni tsuite no ikkōsatsu” [Meredith and Sōseki: A Study in the Psychological Novel] . "Tō" 1:15 (1949), 30-33.

“Meiji bungaku ni oyoboshita Seiyō no eikyō” [The Influence of the West on Meiji Literature] . Meiji Gakuin ronsō 18 (1950), 57-64.

“Watakushi no mita Sōseki” [Sōseki as I See Him] , "Bungei" (1954), 28-35.

“Sōsaku gappyō” [Critical Discussion of Seven New Works in Japanese Literature] . "Gunzō" 9:7 (1954), 267-288.

“The Joys of Life” (translation of Jinsei no kōfuku, three-act play, by Masamune Hakuchō). "Japan Digest" 6:10 (1954), 99-127.

“Watakushitachi no mita Nihon bungaku” [Japanese Literature as We See It] . "Bungei" 11:13 (1954), 16-30 (with Donald Keene, Nakamura Shin’ichirō, and Edward Seidensticker).

“Translations from Classical Korean Poetry.” "Korean Survey" 4:2 (1955), 8-9.

“Translations from Classical Korean Poetry.” "Korean Survey" 4:7 (1955), 8-9.

“Dōtoku ni okeru setchūshugi” [Eclecticism in Japanese Morality] . "Gendai dōtoku kōza, Nihonjin no dōtokuteki shinsei" 3 (1955), 190-195.

“Gaijin no me kara mita Nihon no igaku” [Japanese Medicine Seen through Foreign Eyes] . "Gendai seirigaku geppō" 2 (1955), 1-4.

“Scipione Amati’s Account of the Date Masamune Embassy: A Bibliographical Note.” "Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies" 19:1-2 (1956), 155-159 (with Robert H. Russell).

“A Translation of the Preface and the First Ten Chapters of Amati’s Historia del Regno di Voxv….” "Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies" 20:3-4 (1957), 619-643.

“Memento Mori” (translation of an article with the same title by Tanabe Hajime). "Philosophical Studies of Japan", Tokyo: Japanese National Commission for UNESCO 1 (1959), 1-12.

“Õgai to Sōseki” [Õgai and Sōseki] . "Kōza: gendai rinri" 9. Tokyo: Chikuma Shobō, 1959, 305-308.

“Japanese Language.” In "Funk and Wagnalls Standard Reference Encyclopedia". New York: Standard Reference Works Publishing Company, 1962, Vol. 14, 5188-5190.

“Japanese Literature,” article in "Funk and Wagnalls Standard Reference Encyclopedia" (New York: Standard Reference Works Publishing Company, 1962), Vol. 14, 5190-5193.

“Haiku of Buson.” "The Nassau Literary Magazine" (March 1963), 16-19.

“An Introduction to the Later Novels of Natsume Sōseki.” M"onumenta Nipponica" 19:1-2 (1964), 1-36.

“A Few Comments on Translations from Modern Japanese Literature.” "KBS Bulletin on Japanese Culture" 87 (December 1967-January 1968), 10-14.

“On Donald Keene’s Japanese Aesthetics.” "Philosophy East & West" 19:3 (1969), 317-322.

“Meian-ron” (A Study of Light and Darkness). Translated by Takeda Katsuhiko. In "Koten to gendai" [The Classics and the Present Age] . Tokyo: Shimizu Kōbundō, 1970, 241-271.

“Amerika ni okeru kindai Nihon bungaku kenkyü no dōkō” [Trends in the Study of Modern Japanese Literature in America] . Translated by Takeda Katsuhiko. In "Kokubungaku kaishaku to kanshō". Issue titled "Sekai bungaku no naka no Nihon bungaku" [Japanese Literature within World Literature] 35:5 (1970), 50-67.

“Nishida Kitarō: The Early Years.” In "Tradition and Modernization in Japanese Culture". Edited by Donald H. Shively. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1971, 507-562.

“Yokomitsu Riichi ‘Jikan’ no güiteki kaishaku” [Yokomitsu Riichi’s ‘Jikan’: An Allegorical Interpretation] . Translated by Takeda Katsuhiko. In "Nihon kindai bungaku no hikakubungakuteki kenkyū" [Comparative Literary Studies in Modern Japanese Literature] Tokyo: Shimizu Kōbundō, 1971, 353-371.

“Watakushi no mita Tanizaki” [Tanizaki as I See Him] . In "Tanizaki Jun’ichirō kenkyū" [Tanizaki Jun’ichirō Studies] . Edited by Ara Masahito. Tokyo: Yagi Shoten, 1972, 662-666.

“Akutagawa no bungaku” [The Literature of Akutagawa] . Translated by Takeda Katsuhiko. In "Akutagawa bungaku—kaigai no hyōka" [The Literature of Akutagawa: An Overseas Evaluation] , edited by Yoshida Seiichi, Takeda Katsuhiko, and Tsuruta Kin’ya. Tokyo: Waseda Daigaku Shuppansha, 1972, 61-67.

“Virierumo no ‘Meian-ron’” [Viglielmo’s Study of Light and Darkness] . Translated by Ara Masahito and Uematsu Midori. In "Kokubungaku kaishaku to kyōzai no kenkyū" 17:5 (1972), 204-220.

“Watakushi no mita Itō Sei” [Itö Sei as I See Him] . Translated by Takeda Katsuhiko. In "Itō Sei kenkyū" [Itö Sei Studies] , edited by Hasegawa Izumi. Tokyo: Miyai Shoten, 1973, 124-130.

“Mishima and Brazil: A Study of Shiroari no su” [The Termite’s Nest] . In "Studies on Japanese Culture" 1 (Tokyo: Japan PEN Club, 1973), 461-470.

“Mishima y Brasil: Un Estudio de Shiroari no su” (Spanish translation, by Guillermo Castillo Najero). "Estudios Orientales" 8:1 (1973), 1-18.

“Mizuumi shoron—minikui ashi” [A Brief Study of Mizuumi: The Ugly Feet] . Translated by Takeda Katsuhiko. In "Kokubungaku shunjū" 4 (1974), 2-7.

“The Concept of Nature in the Works of Natsume Sōseki.” The "Eastern Buddhist" 8:2 (1975), 143-153.

“Sōseki’s Kokoro: A Descent into the Heart of Man.” In "Approaches to the Japanese Modern Novel", edited by Kin’ya Tsuruta and Thomas E. Swann. Tokyo: Sophia University Press, 1976, 105-117.

“Yokomitsu Riichi’s ‘Jikan’ (Time): An Allegorical Interpretation.” In Essays on Japanese Literature, edited by Takeda Katsuhiko. Tokyo: Waseda University Press, 1977, 105-117.

“Japanese Studies in the West: Past, Present, and Future.” In "Proceedings Language, Thought, and Culture Symposium—1976", sponsored by Kansai University of Foreign Studies. Tokyo: Sanseidō, 1978, 209-220.

“Mishima bungaku sakuhinron” [A Discussion of Mishima’s Literary Works] (with Takeda Katsuhiko). In

"Kaikakusha" 2 (1977), 76-87.

“Meian o chüshin ni—Eiyaku no shomondai” [With a Focus on Light and Darkness—Various Problems in Translation into English] . "Hon’yaku no sekai" 10 (1977), 19-27.

“Mizuumi-ron: nanto minikui ashi de aru koto ka” [A Study of The Lake: How Ugly Are the Feet!] . Translated by Imamura Tateo. In "Kawabata Yasunari: The Contemporary Consciousness of Beauty", edited by Takeda Katsuhiko and Takahashi Shintarō. Tokyo: Meiji Shoin, 1978, 123-139.

“Amerika ni okeru kindai Nihon bungaku kenkyü no dōkō” [Trends in the Study of Modern Japanese Literature in America] . Translated by Takeda Katsuhiko. In "Koten to gendai". edited by Takeda Katsuhiko. Tokyo: Shimizu Kōbundō, 1981, 41-84.

“Natsume Sōseki: ‘Hearing Things.’” In "Approaches to the Modern Japanese Short Story", edited by Thomas E. Swann and Kin’ya Tsuruta. Tokyo: Waseda University Press, 1982, 243-254.

“Natsume Sōseki: ‘Ten Nights of Dreams.’” In "Approaches to the Modern Japanese Short Story", edited by Thomas E. Swann and Kin’ya Tsuruta. Tokyo: Waseda University Press, 1982, 255-265.

Articles in Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan (Tokyo: Kodansha, 1983): “Higuchi Ichiyō,” Vol. 3, 136; “Masamune Hakuchō,” Vol. 3, 122-123; “Nishida Kitarō,” Vol. 6, 14-15; “Tayama Katai,” Vol. 7, 358-359; “Zen no kenkyū,” Vol. 8, 376.

“The Aesthetic Interpretation of Life in The Tale of Genji.” In "Analecta Husserliana" 17, "Phenomenology of Life in a Dialogue Between Chinese and Occidental Philosophy", edited by A-T. Tymieniecka. Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1984, 347-359.

“The Epic Element in Japanese Literature.” In "Analecta Husserliana" 18, "The Existential Coordinates of the Human Condition: Poetic—Epic—Tragic". Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1984, 195-208.

“Nishida’s Final Statement.” "Monumenta Nipponica" 43:3 (1988), 353-362.

“Watakushi wa naze han-tennōsei undō in sanka-shita no ka” [Why Have I Participated in the Anti-Emperor System Movement] . In "Dokyumento: tennnō daigawari to no tatakai—‘Heisei hikokumin’ sengen" [A Documentary Account of the Imperial Succession Struggle: The Declaration of the ‘Heisei Traitors’] , edited by ‘Sokui-no-rei—Daijōsai’ ni Hantai Suru Kyōdō Kōdō. Tokyo: Kyūsekisha, 1991, 45-49.

“An Introduction to Tanabe Hajime's Existence, Love, and Praxis.” In "Wandel zwischen den Welten: Festschrift für Johannes Laube", edited by Hannelore Eisenhofer-Halim. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2003, 781-797.