Pseudomonas syringae

Taxobox
color = lightgrey
name = "Pseudomonas syringae"
regnum = Bacteria
phylum = Proteobacteria
classis = Gamma Proteobacteria
ordo = Pseudomonadales
familia = Pseudomonadaceae
genus = "Pseudomonas"
species = "P. syringae"
binomial = "Pseudomonas syringae"
binomial_authority = Van Hall, 1904
type_strain = [http://www.atcc.org/common/catalog/numSearch/numResults.cfm?atccNum=19310 ATCC 19310]
[http://www.ccug.se/default.cfm?page=search_record.cfm&id=2382&db=mc CCUG 14279]
[http://www.angers.inra.fr/cfbp/resultsuite.php?r0=1392&r1=Pseudomonas%20syringae%20pv.%20syringae&r2=Pseudomonas&r3=syringae&r4=syringae&r5=&r6=souche%20type&r7=ATCC%2019310,%20NCPPB%20281,%20ICMP%203023,%20LMG%201247&r8=&r9=Sabet%20K.A.&r10=Syringa%20vulgaris&r11=&r12=1950&r13=Royaume-Uni&r14=&r15=&r16=1972&r17=&r18=&r19=&r20=&r21=Van%20Hall%201902 CFBP 1392]
[http://cip.pasteur.fr/rech-bacteries-gb.html CIP] 106698
ICMP 3023
[http://bccm.belspo.be/db/lmg_strain_details.php?NUM=1247&COLTYPE=&LIST1=ALL%20FIELDS&TEXT1=&LIST2=ALL%20FIELDS&TEXT2=&LIST3=STRNUM&TEXT3=1247&LIST4=STRNUM&TEXT4=&LIST5=STRNUM&TEXT5=&CONJ=OR&RANGE=20 LMG 1247]
[http://web.uni-corvinus.hu:8089/NCAIM/frameset.jsp NCAIM] B.01398
[http://www.ncppb.com/ncppbsearch.cfm NCPPB] 281
[http://nrrl.ncaur.usda.gov/cgi-bin/usda/ NRRL] B-1631
subdivision_ranks = Pathovars
subdivision = "P. s." pv. "aceris"
"P. s." pv. "aptata"
"P. s." pv. "atrofaciens"
"P. s." pv. "dysoxylis"
"P. s." pv. "japonica"
"P. s." pv. "lapsa"
"P. s." pv. "panici"
"P. s." pv. "papulans"
"P. s." pv. "pisi"
"P. s." pv. "syringae"

"Pseudomonas syringae" is a rod shaped, Gram-negative bacterium with polar flagella. It is a member of the "Pseudomonas" genus, and based on 16S rRNA analysis, "P. syringae" has been placed in the "P. syringae" group [cite journal |author=Anzai, "et al." |title=Phylogenetic affiliation of the pseudomonads based on 16S rRNA sequence |journal=Int J Syst Evol Microbiol |volume=50 (Pt 4) |pages=1563–89 |year=2000, Jul |pmid=10939664] . It is a plant pathogen which can infect a wide range of plant species, and exists as over 50 different pathovars. Many of these pathovars were once considered to be individual species within the "Pseudomonas" genus, but molecular biology techniques such as DNA hybridization have shown these to in fact all be part of the "P. syringae" species. It is named after the lilac tree ("Syringa vulgaris"), from which it was first isolated [Kreig N.R., Holt J.G. (eds). (1984) Bergey's Manual of Systematic Biology Baltimore: The Williams and Wilkins Co., pg. 141-199] .

"P. syringae" tests negative for arginine dihydrolase and oxidase activity, and forms the polymer levan on sucrose nutrient agar. It is known to secrete the lipodepsinonapeptide plant toxin syringomycin, [Scholz-Schroeder B.K., Soule J.D., and Gross D. C. 2003. The sypA, sypS, and sypC synthetase genes encode twenty-two modules involved in the nonribosomal peptide synthesis of syringopeptin by "Pseudomonas syringae" pv. "syringae" B301D. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 16:271-80 PMID 12744455] and it owes its yellow fluorescent appearance when cultured "in vitro" on King's B medium to production of the siderophore pyoverdin. [Cody and Gross (1987) Characterization of Pyoverdin_pss, the Fluorescent Siderophore Produced by "Pseudomonas syringae" pv. "syringae". Applied Environmental Microbiology 53(5): 928–934 PMID 16347352]

Since the 1970's, "P. syringae" has been implicated as an atmospheric 'biological ice nucleator'. Recent evidence has suggested that the species plays a larger role than previously thought in making it rain and snow [ [http://www.wired.com/science/planetearth/news/2008/02/bacteria_clouds Airborne Bacteria Make It Rain, Researchers Find ] ] .

Ice nucleating properties

"P. syringae", more than any mineral or other organism, is responsible for the surface frost damage in plants [cite book | last = Richard E. Lee, Jr., Gareth J. Warren, L.V. Gusta (Editors) | title = Biological Ice Nucleation and Its Applications |chapter = Chapter 3, "Ecology of Ice Nucleation -- Active Bacteria" by Susan S. Hirano and Christen D. Upper | publisher = APS PRESS (The American Phytopathological Society) | date = 1995 | location = St. Paul, Minnesota | pages = 41-61 | url = http://www.shopapspress.org/41728.html | isbn = 0890541728] , exposed to the environment. "P. syringae" can cause water to freeze at temperatures as high as −1.8°C [cite journal | author=Maki LR, Galyan EL, Chang-Chien MM, Caldwell DR | title=Ice nucleation induced by pseudomonas syringae | journal=APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY | volume=28 | issue=3 | year=1974 | pages=456–459 |pmid=4371331 ] , but strains causing ice nucleation at lower temperatures (down to −8°C) are more commoncite book | last = Richard E. Lee, Jr., Gareth J. Warren, L.V. Gusta (Editors) | title = Biological Ice Nucleation and Its Applications |chapter = Chapter 4, "Biochemistry of Bacterial Ice Nuclei" by Ray Fall and Paul K. Wolber | publisher = APS PRESS (The American Phytopathological Society) | date = 1995 | location = St. Paul, Minnesota | pages = 63-83 | url = http://www.shopapspress.org/41728.html | isbn = 0890541728] . The freezing causesinjuries in the epithelia and makes the nutrients in the underlying plant tissues available to the bacteria.Artificial strains of "P. syringae" known as ice-minus bacteria have been created to reduce frost damage. "P. syringae" have "ina" (ice nucleation-active) genes that make Ina proteins which translocate to the outer bacterial cell wall on the surface of the bacteria where the Ina proteins act as nuclei for ice formationcite book | last = Richard E. Lee, Jr., Gareth J. Warren, L.V. Gusta (Editors) | title = Biological Ice Nucleation and Its Applications |chapter = Chapter 4, "Biochemistry of Bacterial Ice Nuclei" by Ray Fall and Paul K. Wolber | publisher = APS PRESS (The American Phytopathological Society) | date = 1995 | location = St. Paul, Minnesota | pages = 63-83 | url = http://www.shopapspress.org/41728.html | isbn = 0890541728] .

Epidemiology

Disease by "P. syringae" tends to be favoured by wet, cool conditions - optimum temperatures for disease tend to be around 12–25°C, although this can vary according to the pathovar involved. The bacteria tend to be seed borne, and are dispersed between plants via rain splash. [Hirano, S. S. and C. D. Upper (1990) Population biology and epidemiology of "Pseudomonas syringae" Annual Reviews in Phytopathology 28:155-177] .

Although it is a plant pathogen, it can also live as a saprotroph in the phyllosphere when conditions are not favourable for disease. [Hirano and Upper (2000) Bacteria in the Leaf Ecosystem with Emphasis on "Pseudomonas syringae" — a Pathogen, Ice Nucleus, and Epiphyte. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 64 624-653. PMID 10974129] Some saprotrophic strains of "P. syringae" have been used as biocontrol agents against post-harvest rots [Janisiewicz, W. J. and Marchi, A. 1992. Control of storage rots on various pear cultivars with saprotrophic strain of Pseudomonas syringae. Plant Disease, 76: 555-560] .

Pathovars

Following ribotypical analysis several pathovars of "Pseudomonas syringae" were incorporated into other speciescite journal |author=Gardan, "et al." |title=DNA relatedness among the pathovars of "Pseudomonas syringae" and description of "Pseudomonas tremae" sp. nov. and "Pseudomonas cannabina" sp. nov. (ex Sutic and Dowson 1959) |journal=Int J Syst Bacteriol |volume=49 (Pt 2) |pages=469–78 |year=1999 Apr |pmid=10319466 ] (see "P. amygdali", "'P. tomato'", "P. coronafaciens", "P. avellanae", "'P. helianthi'", "P. tremae", "P. cannabina", and "P. viridiflava"). The remaining pathovars are as follows:

"Pseudomonas syringae" pv. "aceris" attacks maple "Acer" species.

"Pseudomonas syringae" pv. "aptata" attacks beets "Beta vulgaris".

"Pseudomonas syringae" pv. "atrofaciens" attacks wheat "Triticum aestivum".

"Pseudomonas syringae" pv. "dysoxylis" attacks the kohekohe tree "Dysoxylum spectabile".

"Pseudomonas syringae" pv. "japonica" attacks barley "Hordeum vulgare".

"Pseudomonas syringae" pv. "lapsa" attacks wheat "Triticum aestivum".

"Pseudomonas syringae" pv. "panici" attacks "Panicum" grass species.

"Pseudomonas syringae" pv. "papulans" attacks crabapple "Malus sylvestris" species.

"Pseudomonas syringae" pv. "pisi" attacks peas "Pisum sativum".

"Pseudomonas syringae" pv. "syringae" attacks "Syringa" and "Phaseolus" species.

Note that "Pseudomonas savastanoi" was once considered a pathovar or sub-species of "P. syringae", and in many places continues to be referred to as "Pseudomonas syringae" pv. "savastanoi", although as a result of DNA-relatedness studies it has been instated as a new species [cite journal |author=Gardan, "et al." |title=DNA relatedness among the pathovars of "Pseudomonas syringae" and description of "Pseudomonas tremae" sp. nov. and "Pseudomonas cannabina" sp. nov. (ex Sutic and Dowson 1959) |journal=Int J Syst Bacteriol |volume=49 (Pt 2) |pages=469–78 |year=1999 Apr |pmid=10319466] . It itself has three host-specific pathovars, "fraxini" which causes ash canker, "nerii" which attacks oleander and "oleae" which causes olive knot.

Genome sequencing projects

The genomes of several strains of "P. syringae" have been sequenced, including "P. syringae" pv. "tomato" DC3000, "P. syringae" pv. "syringae" B728a, and "P. syringae" pv. "phaseolicola" 1448A. [ [http://www.pseudomonas-syringae.org/ "Pseudomonas"-Plant Interaction (PPI) website] ]

"Pseudomonas syringae" pv. "tomato" DC3000 (Donors reference DC52) is a mutant generated from NCPPB 1106. The difference between 1106 and DC3000 is rifampicin resistance (it was generated as a spontaneous mutant). Both DC3000 and 1106 are available from the [http://www.ncppb.com/ National Collection of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria (NCPPB)] .

ee also

*Bioprecipitation
*Ice-minus bacteria
*Pseudomonas phage Φ6
* [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/8/397 Comparative genomic analysis of two-component regulatory proteins in "Pseudomonas syringae"]

References