Rankism

Rankism is a term coined by physicist, educationalist and citizen diplomat Robert W. Fuller. Fuller has defined rankism as: "abusive, discriminatory, or exploitative behavior towards people who have less power because of their lower rank in a particular hierarchy" [cite web
last = Fuller
first = Robert
title = Rankism: A Social Disorder
url=http://www.breakingranks.net/weblog/rankism
accessdate = 2008-9-16
] . Fuller claims that rankism also describes the abuse of the power inherent in superior rank, with the view that rank-based abuse underlies many other phenomena such as bullying, racism, sexism, and homophobia.

Characteristics

Fuller asserts that rankism involves:
* exploiting one's position within a hierarchy to secure unwarranted advantages and benefits, without regard to the deprivation of people deemed to be inferior;
* illegitimate use of rank (e.g., abusive parent or priest, corrupt CEO, bully boss, prisoner abuse, etc.);
* treating rank as a shield that permits one person to insult or humiliate others with impunity;
* using rank to perpetuate position long after it can be justified while quashing talented people who might challenge that position;
* exporting rank achieved in one sphere of activity to claim superior importance as a person;
* use of rank illegitimately acquired or held (as in situations resting on specious distinctions of social rank such as racism, sexism, etc.).

Fuller has also written that:
* victims of rankists may find themselves publicly humiliated or ignored and treated as invisible;
* rankism can occur in any social hierarchy, such as corporations, families, non-profit organizations, and universities; [cite web
last = Fuller
first = Robert
title = Democracy's Next Step: Building a Dignitarian Soceity
url=http://www.breakingranks.net/weblog/articles/democracy
accessdate = 2008-9-19
] .
* the opponents of rankism believe that position and power should be used to serve the group over which one holds authority.

Use of term

The term rankism first appeared in print in the Oberlin Alumni Magazine for fall of 1997. [ cite journal
last = Fuller
first = Robert
year = Fall 1997
title = Campus Activities (sidebar)
journal = Oberlin Alumni Magazine] Fuller later wrote a book on the topic called "Somebodies and Nobodies: Overcoming the Abuse of Rank" which he began distributing on his web site as a free e-book in 2000 and published in print form in 2003. [ cite book
last = Fuller
first = Robert W.
year = 2003
title = Somebodies and Nobodies: Overcoming the Abuse of Rank
publisher = New Society Publishers
location = Gabriola Island, Canada
id = ISBN 0-86571-486-X] Also in 2000, Fuller used the term in a series of op-ed pieces for the California newspaper The Berkeley Daily Planet. [ cite web
last = Fuller
first = Robert
year = 2000
title = Front Page News: Rank-based discrimination is just as alive as other ‘isms’
url = http://www.berkeleydailyplanet.com/issue/2000-10-09/article/1573?headline=Rank-based-discrimination-is-just-as-alive-as-other-isms-]

The first use of the term in a management journal occurred in 2001, when Fuller wrote an article for the [http://www.leadertoleader.org/ Leader to Leader Institute] (formerly the Peter F. Drucker Foundation for Nonprofit Management) about the abuse of rank in hierarchies. [ cite journal
last = Fuller
first = Robert W
month = Summer
year = 2001
title = A New Look at Hierarchy: How do we make sure that rank is exercised appropriately?
journal = Leader to Leader
volume = 21]

Fuller's second book on the subject, "All Rise: Somebodies, Nobodies, and the Politics of Dignity", was published in 2006. [ cite book
last = Fuller
first = Robert W.
year = 2006
title = All Rise: Somebodies, Nobodies, and the Politics of Dignity
publisher = Berrett-Koehler Publishers
id = ISBN 978-1576753859 ] In 2008, Fuller and co-author Pamela A. Gerloff released an eighty-six page "action-oriented guide" [cite book
last = Fuller
first = Robert W.
coauthors = Pamela A. Gerloff
year = 2008
title = Dignity for All: How to Create a World Without Rankism
pages = back cover
publisher = Berrett-Koehler Publishers
id = ISBN 978-1-57675-7895 ] on the issue of rankism and the steps individuals can take to address it.

The term has also been extended to incorporate the idea of bullying, as suggested by this quote from the website Canadian Living (http://www.canadianliving.com): "Basically, rankism is bullying someone of a lower rank." [cite web
last = Fisher
first = Diana
title = Rankism: Bullying someone of a lower rank at work
url = http://www.canadianliving.com/life/work/rankism_bullying_someone_of_a_lower_rank_at_work.php
accessdate = 2008-09-24
]

The Human Dignity and Humiliation Studies (HumanDHS) network, of which Robert Fuller is a member, has also accepted the concept of rankism as core to their mission. They assert: "...the mission we have undertaken at Human DHS is the confrontation of abuse, rankism and the humiliation endemic to it, on the historical scale." [ cite web
last = The Human DHS Team
title = Human Dignity and Humiliation Studies: Who We Are - A Brief Overview
url = http://www.humiliationstudies.org/whoweare/whoweare.php
accessdate = 2008-09-24
]

Rankism and dignity

According to Fuller, the abuse of rank is experienced by victims as an affront to their dignity. He defines the term dignitarian as "a condition in which the dignity of all people is honored and protected." [ cite web
last = Fuller
first = Robert
title = Dignity: A Universal Right
url=http://www.breakingranks.net/weblog/dignity
accessdate = 2008-9-16
] Fuller and his supporters have launched a new social movement to promote the creation of a dignitarian society. The Dignitarian Movement asserts that their aim is to overcome rankism in the same way that the civil rights and women's movements target racism and sexism.

ee also

*Classism
*Discrimination
*Elitism

References and notes

Further reading

*cite journal
first = Daniel
last = Berger
year = 2005
month = August
title = Book review: Somebodies and Nobodies: Overcoming the Abuse of Rank
journal = Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
volume = 198
issue = 8
pages = 571
url = http://www.jonmd.com/pt/re/jnmd/abstract.00005053-200508000-00014.htm;jsessionid=EB3JeR6ML1B8J289h7dwXeWGIqiEFhsX6vsZHZxrbHNZS8nAyITE!-1738699248!-949856145!9001!-1
doi = 10.1097/01.nmd.0000172656.22250.24
*cite book
last = Ehrenreich
first = Barbara
year = 2008
title = This Land is Their Land
publisher = Metropolitan Books
location = New York, NY
id = ISBN 0-850-8840-7
*cite journal
first = Art
last = Kleiner
authorlink =
year = 2004
title = Diversity and its discontents
journal = Strategy + Business
issue = Spring 2004
*cite journal
first = Robert
last = Knisely
year = 2003
month = April
title = Rank prejudice
journal = Washington Monthly
volume = 35
issue = 4
*cite journal
first = Elaina
last = Richardson
year = 2003
month = April
title = Respect
journal = O Magazine
doi = 10.1080/14786430310001599405
volume = 83
pages = 3549
*cite journal
first = Connie
last = Schultz
date = January 14, 2006
title = Taking it out on the clerks
journal = The Cleveland Plain Dealer
*cite book
first = Julie Ann
last = Wambach
year = 2008
title = Battles between Somebodies and Nobodies: Combat Abuse of Rank at Work and at Home
publisher = Brookside Press
id = ISBN 978-0-9814818-0-7

External links

* [http://www.aaup.org/AAUP/pubsres/academe/2006/SO/Feat/soanon.htm Academe Online] - Anonymous, (September/October 2006) "Class Issues Outside the Classroom"
* [http://blog.penelopetrunk.com/2006/08/07/battle-cry-against-power-tripping/ Brazen Careerist] - Penelope Trunk, (August 27, 2006) "Battle Cry Against Power Tripping" interview with Robert Fuller, at Brazen Careerist
* [http://www.breakingranks.net/weblog/bibliography/ Breaking Ranks] - Bibliography on Fuller's website
* [http://www.breakingranks.net/weblog/articles/ Breaking Ranks] - Other articles by Fuller
* [http://www.breakingranks.net/weblog/syllabi/ Branking Ranks] -Course syllabi on Fuller's website
* [http://www.canadianliving.com/life/work/rankism_bullying_someone_of_a_lower_rank_at_work.php/ Canadian Living] - Diana Fisher, "Rankism: Bullying someone of a lower rank at work"
* [http://www.digdi.org DigDi.org] - 'The Dignitarian Dialogues' (website that seeks to start a public discussion of rankism)
* [http://www.dignitarians.org Dignitarians.org] - 'The Dignitarian Foundation: Protecting the dignity of others as you would your own' (foundation dedicated to developing training materials and advocacy tools to fight rankism)
* [http://www.humiliationstudies.org/ Human Dignity and Humiliation Studies] - an organization composed of over one thousand academics and practitioners from around the globe dedicated to confronting humiliation
* [http://knol.google.com/k/robert-fuller/rankism/2bdykvw4adkga/2# Rankism] - Knol article on rankism (expert summary)
* [http://right-rank.com/ Right-Rank.com] – 'Right-Rank is a tool for dealing with rankism, the abuse of rank within a hierarchy. Respect for everyone, regardless of rank.' (integrates concept of rankism into a therapeutic practice)
* [http://www.somebodybook.com/ SomebodyBook.com] - "I Feel Like Nobody When... I Feel Like a Somebody When..." (children's book that introduces issues related to rankism), Stephanie Heuer (2005)
* [http://www.yubanet.com/artman/publish/printer_33209.shtml YubaNet.com] - '"Executive" monkeys influenced by other executives, not subordinates', Duke University Medical Center (March 22, 2006)