Henry of Marcy

Blessed Henry of Marcy [Also called Henry of Clairvaux, Henry of Albano, Henry of Hautecombe, Henry of Marsiac, Henri de Gaule, Henricus Albanensis, Henricus de Altacumba, Henricus de Marsiaco, Henricus Gallus, Henricus Claraevallensis, Henricus de Castro Marsiaco, Henricus de Marsiaco Claraevallensis, Henricus Cisterciensis.] (c. 1136 – 1 January 1189) was a Cistercian abbot first of Hautecombe (1160) and then of Clairvaux from 1177 until 1179. [Graham-Leigh, "The Southern French Nobility", 105.] He was created Cardinal Bishop of Albano at the Third Lateran Council in 1179, possibly as reward for his work in Languedoc. [Graham-Leigh, "The Southern French Nobility", 105 n117.]

He was an important figure in the fight against the late twelfth-century movements of Catharism and Waldensianism and took a leading part at III Lateran. [Robinson, 181.] He strongly supported the use of force to suppress heresy and a strong alliance between secular and ecclesiastic authority in the use of force.

Early life

Henry was named after his birthplace of "Castro Marsiaco", or the Château de Marcy, near Cluny in Burgundy. [ [http://www.citadelle.org/langue.cfm;jsessionid=5630eea7b37a58605129?encycloid=407&xgenre=-1&xtype=-1&xalpha=-1&definition=Henri_d_Albano "Dictionnaire"] .] He joined the Cistercian order in 1155 or 1156, becoming a monk at Clairvaux before being sent as to become the first abbot of the daughter house of Hautecombe in the Savoy. His spiritual mentor was Bernard of Clairvaux.

Militant suppression of the Cathars

In September 1177, Raymond V of Toulouse made a request to the Cistercian General Chapter for a legatine mission to help him deal with the heresy of Catharism which was rampant in his domains.Graham-Leigh, "The Southern French Nobility", 105.] On 13 September 1177, the Cistercian General Chapter decided to send Henry to Languedoc at the heard of a papal legation which included Peter of Pavia, Cardinal Priest of S. Crisogono; Jean des Bellesmains, Bishop of Poitiers; Pons d'Arsac, Archbishop of Narbonne; and Gerard, Archbishop of Bourges. [Cheyette, 308.] Roger of Howden may have accompanied him, as he is the source for the only account of the mission and he includes Henry's letter summarising their accomplishments. On the other hand, he also relied heavily on the letters between Henry and Pietro di San Chrysogono.

In 1178, Henry excommunicated Roger II of Carcassonne for imprisoning William of Dourgne, the Bishop of Albi. This act severely diminished the reputation of Roger II and probably increased the enimosity between Roger and Raymond VI. On the other hand, some modern scholars have suggested that it may have pushed Roger into an alliance with Alfonso II of Aragon.

Henry encountered Peter Waldo in 1180, extracting from him a profession of orthodox Catholic faith. [ [http://depenne.club.fr/texte/vaudois.html] , [http://perso.orange.fr/erfauxerre/Les%20Vaudois.htm] , in the French language.]

Henry returned to the Langudeoc in 1181 and led a military attack on Roger's town of Lavaur, which Roger's wife Adelaide immediately surrendered to him without giving a fight. [Graham-Leigh, "The Southern French Nobility", 106.] Henry then went on to depose Pons d'Arsac from his see for being "useless and reprehensible." [Graham-Leigh, "Hirelings and Shepherds", 1094.] The 1181 expedition received mention in Gaufred de Vigeois and the "Chronicon Clarevallensis" besides Roger of Howden's "Chronicon".

Groundwork for the Third Crusade

Towards the end of his life he was offered the papal crown (1187), but he declined it in favour of Gregory VIII. [Robinson, 505.] Beginning in 1187 he preached the Third Crusade and was in Liège in March 1188. [ [http://perso.infonie.be/liege06/06six0.htm] , in French.] He did a great deal to mediate between the leaders of the Crusade before his death at Arras, bringing Henry II of England and Philip II of France to reconcile, as well as healing the rift between the Emperor Frederick I and Philip I, Archbishop of Cologne. It was at the "Tag Gottes" ("God's Day") held in Mainz in 1188 that he induced Frederick to join the Crusade. He was buried at Arras and is considered beatified. The Cistercians celebrate his day on 14 July. Among his surviving works, his letters ("Epistolae") and his "De peregrinante civitate Dei" are published in the "Patrologia Latina". [ [http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/efts/PLD/PLD.bib.html Patrologia Latina Database: Bibliography ] ]

ources

*Cheyette, Fredric L. "Ermengard of Narbonne and the World of the Troubadours". Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2001. ISBN 0 8014 3952 3
*Graham-Leigh, Elaine. "The Southern French Nobility and the Albigensian Crusade". Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 2005. ISBN 1 84383 129 5
*Graham-Leigh, Elaine. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0013-8266%28200111%29116%3A469%3C1083%3AHASABO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-4 "Hirelings and Shepherds: Archbishop Berenguer of Narbonne (1191-1211) and the Ideal Bishop."] "The English Historical Review", Vol. 116, No. 469. (Nov., 2001), pp 1083–1102.
*Robinson, I. S. "The Papacy, 1073–1198: Continuity and Innovation". Cambridge University Press, 1990.
*Kienzle, Beverly Mayne. "Cistercians, Heresy and Crusade in Occitania, 1145–1229: Preaching in the Lord's Vineyard". 2001. [http://www.h-france.net/vol2reviews/arnold2.html review]
*Congar, Y. M.-J. "Henri de Marcy, abbé de Clairvaux, cardinal-évêque d'Albano et légat pontifical." "Analecta monastica", ed. J. Leclercq. Rome, 1958.
*"Dictionnaire des noms, surnoms et pseudonymes latins de l'histoire littéraire du Moyen Age (1100 à 1530)". ed. Alfred Franklin, Bibliothèque Mazarine. Paris: Librairie de Firmin-Didot et Cie, 1875.
* [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc05/Page_227.html "Schaff Encyclopedia" article]
*de icon [http://www.bautz.de/bbkl/h/heinrich_v_cl.shtml BBK page]

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