Kawatake Mokuami

Kawatake Mokuami
Kawatake Mokuami

Kawatake Mokuami (河竹黙阿弥?) (real name Yoshimura Yoshisaburō; 吉村芳三郎)(1816–1893) was a Japanese dramatist of Kabuki. It has been said that "as a writer of plays of Kabuki origin, he was one of the greatest, if not the greatest, Japan has ever known."[1] He wrote 150 or so plays over the course of his fifty year career,[2] covering a wide variety of themes, styles, and forms, including short dance pieces, period plays (jidaimono), contemporary genre pieces (sewamono), tragedies and comedies, as well as adaptations of foreign (Western) stories,[3] though he is perhaps most famous for his shiranamimono, plays featuring sympathetic or tragic rogues and thieves.[4] For the greater part of his career he wrote under the professional name Kawatake Shinshichi, only taking the name Mokuami on his retirement from the stage in 1881.

Life and career

Mokuami was born in the Nihonbashi district of Edo (modern-day Tokyo), and at the age of 20, entered into an apprenticeship under Tsuruya Nanboku IV, the pioneer of the kizewamono (生世話物) form,[1] a form defined by plays of a more realistic style than the earlier sewamono form, and set in Tsuruya and Mokuami's contemporary 19th century Edo, rather than Osaka. In 1843, he became the standing playwright for the Kawarazaki-za theatre, and began working with kabuki star Ichikawa Kodanji IV in 1854, producing kizewamono pieces.[4] Most of Mokuami's works are in this form, and were written specifically for the star actors of the time, such as Onoe Kikugorō V and Ichikawa Kodanji IV.[1] Many of his plays, such as the famous Benten Kozō, featured thieves and robbers,[2] also known as shiranami (white waves), who he represented somewhat sympathetically, as low-class heroes, or as tragic figures.

As Japan modernized and Westernized rapidly in the Meiji period, Mokuami moved along with new trends in theatre, becoming a pioneer of Shin-kabuki ("New Kabuki"), writing plays in new genres such as katsurekimono (realistic, historically accurate jidaimono period plays) and zangirimono (sewamono genre plays featuring Meiji era contemporary characters and setting[5]).[4]

Mokuami formally retired in 1881, but continued to present new works, and was spoken highly of by novelist and literary critic Tsubouchi Shōyō. Mokuami died in 1893 and is buried at Gentsū-ji in Nakano, Tokyo.[4]

Selected works

  • Izayoi Seishin (1859)
  • Sannin Kichisa Kuruwa no Hatsugai (1860)
  • Murai Chōan (1862)
  • Benten Kozō aka Shiranami Gonin Otoko (1862)
  • Murubashi Chūya aka Keian Taiheiki (1870)
  • Kamiyui Shinza (1873)
  • Kumo ni Magō Ueno no Hatsuhana (1881)
  • Tsuchigumo (1881)
  • Ibaraki (play) (1883)
  • Funa Benkei (1885)
  • Momijigari (1887)

References

  1. ^ a b c Miyake, Shutarō. Kabuki Drama. Tokyo: Japan Travel Bureau, Inc., 1971. p50.
  2. ^ a b Miyake. p149.
  3. ^ "Kawatake Mokuami." Kabuki Jiten (歌舞伎事典, "Kabuki Encyclopedia"). Japan Arts Council, 2001-2003. Accessed 26 September 2008.
  4. ^ a b c d Kawade Shobō Shinsha Editorial Team (eds.). "'Shiranami sakusha' to yobareta Kawatake Mokuami" (「白波作者」と呼ばれた河竹黙阿弥, "Kawatake Mokuami, who was called the 'Shiranami Writer'"). Ō-Edo Rekishi Hyakka (大江戸歴史百科, "Historical Encyclopedia of Great Edo"). Tokyo: Kawade Shobō Shinsha Publishers, 2007. p198.
  5. ^ "Zangirimono." Kabuki Glossary. Kabuki21.com. Accessed 26 September 2008.

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