Nemesis (star)

Nemesis is a hypothetical red dwarf star or brown dwarf, orbiting the Sun at a distance of about 50,000 to 100,000 AU, somewhat beyond the Oort cloud. The existence of this star was postulated in an attempt to explain an inferred periodicity in the rate of biological extinction in the geological record.

Claimed periodicity of mass extinctions

In 1984 paleontologists David Raup and Jack Sepkoski published a paper claiming that they had identified a statistical periodicity in extinction rates over the last 250 million years using various forms of time series analysis.cite journal
author = Raup, D.M.
coauthors = Sepkoski, J.J.
year = 1984
date = 1984-02-01
title = Periodicity of Extinctions in the Geologic Past
journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
volume = 81
issue = 3
pages = 801–805
doi = 10.1073/pnas.81.3.801
url = http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/81/3/801.pdf
accessdate = 2007-04-30
pmid = 6583680 ] They focused on the extinction intensity of fossil families of marine vertebrates, invertebrates, and protozoans, identifying 12 extinction events over the time period in question. The average time interval between extinction events was determined as 26 million years. At the time, two of the identified extinction events (Cretaceous-Tertiary and Late Eocene) could be shown to coincide with large impact events. Although Raup and Sepkoski could not identify the cause of their supposed periodicity, they suggested that there might be a non-terrestrial connection. The challenge to propose a mechanism was quickly addressed by several teams of astronomers.

Development of the Nemesis hypotheses

Two teams of astronomers, Whitmire and Jackson, and Davis, Hut and Muller, independently published a similar hypothesis to explain Raup and Sepkoski's supposed extinction periodicity in the same issue of the journal "Nature".cite journal
author = Whitmire, D.P.
coauthors = Jackson, A.A.
year = 1984
title = Are periodic mass extinctions driven by a distant solar companion?
journal = Nature
volume = 308
issue = 5961
pages = 713–715
doi = 10.1038/308713a0
accessdate = 2007-04-30 ] cite journal
author = Davis, M.
coauthors = Hut, P., Muller, R.A.
year = 1984
title = Extinction of species by periodic comet showers
journal = Nature
volume = 308
issue = 5961
pages = 715–717
doi = 10.1038/308715a0
accessdate = 2007-04-30 ] This hypothesis proposes that the sun may have an as yet undetected companion star in a highly elliptical orbit that periodically disturbs comets in the Oort cloud, causing a large increase in the number of comets visiting the inner solar system with a consequential increase in impact events on Earth. This became known as the Nemesis (death star) hypothesis.

If it does exist, the exact nature of Nemesis is uncertain. Richard A. Muller suggests that the most likely object is a red dwarf with magnitude between 7 and 12, [ [http://muller.lbl.gov/pages/lbl-nem.htm http://muller.lbl.gov/pages/lbl-nem.htm] "Muller.lbl.gov" Retrieved on 05-19-07 ] while Daniel P. Whitmire and Albert A. Jackson argue for a brown dwarf. If a red dwarf, it would undoubtedly already exist in star catalogs, but its true nature would only be detectable by measuring its parallax; due to orbiting the Sun it would have a very low proper motion and would escape detection by proper motion surveys that have found stars like the 9th magnitude Barnard's star.

The last major extinction event was about 5 million years ago, so Muller posits that Nemesis is likely 1-1.5 light years away at present, and even has ideas of what area of the sky it might be in (supported by Yarris, 1987), near Hydra, based on a hypothetical orbit derived from original apogees of a number of atypical long-period comets that describe an orbital arc meeting the specifications of Muller's hypothesis.

Looking for Nemesis

If Nemesis exists, it may be detected by the planned Pan-STARRS or LSST astronomical surveys, or similar future projects. If Nemesis is a brown dwarf, as proposed by Dr. Dan Whitmire and Albert A. Jackson IV, then the upcoming WISE mission (scheduled for November 2009) should easily find it.

Other hypotheses

Matese and Whitman have suggested that the supposed extinction periodicity might be caused by the solar system oscillating across the galactic plane of the Milky Way. These oscillations may lead to gravitational disturbances in the Oort cloud with the same proposed consequences as the orbit of "Nemesis". However, the period of oscillation is not well-constrained observationally, and may differ from the needed 26 million years by as much as 40%.

Literary references

Certain parallels may be drawn between Nemesis and the red star from Anne McCaffrey's "Pern" books series. Both disturb the Oort cloud and both bring destruction down upon their respective planets.

Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle also describe such a mechanism in the novel "Lucifer's Hammer". Niven commented in his short story collection "N-Space" that had they named the conceptual dark companion in "Lucifer's Hammer", the name "Nemesis" would have been used.

Isaac Asimov's novel "Nemesis" deals with the repercussions of a future colony being established around a star named Nemesis as a way of escaping an oppressive Earth. While the star in the book is on a course that will take it through the solar system, it is not in orbit around the sun as is the theorized Nemesis.

Piers Anthony makes several 'matter-of-fact' comments on the existence of the Nemesis star, stating it to be a companion star of Sol, in his "Bio of a Space Tyrant" series.

Matthew Reilly's novel Six Sacred Stones deals with dark companion to the sun that will end all life on the planet unless it is stopped by the accumluation of several artifacts from around the world.

ee also

*Brown dwarf
*Extinction events
*Red dwarf
*Stellar classification

References

External links

* Richard A. Muller, [http://muller.lbl.gov/pages/lbl-nem.htm Nemesis] "(undated)"
* Richard A. Muller, " [http://muller.lbl.gov/papers/Lunar_impacts_Nemesis.pdf Measurement of the lunar impact record for the past 3.5 billion years, and implications for the Nemesis theory] ", Geological Society of America Special Paper 356, pp 659-665 (2002).I
* Undergraduate lecture by Richard A. Muller where he describes [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ERy-MTfgulc Nemesis Theory]
* [http://www.planetxvideo.com Documentary on Nemesis and Planet X]
* Robert Roy Britt, " [http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/solarsystem/nemesis_010320-1.html Nemesis: Does the Sun Have a 'Companion'?] ", Space.com, 3 April 2001.
* Z.K. Silagadze, " [http://uk.arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0002255 TeV scale gravity, mirror universe, and ... dinosaurs] ", [http://th-www.if.uj.edu.pl/acta/ Acta Physica Polonica] B32 (2001) 99-128. "(Provides a very entertaining and readable review of the Nemesis extinction hypothesis, including dozens of references to scientific articles on the topic.)"
* "(no author)", [http://www.exitmundi.nl/Nemesis.htm Exit Mundi] , "(undated)". "(Nemesis an End-Of-World scenario.)"
* R. Foot, Z. K. Silagadze, " [http://uk.arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0104251 Do mirror planets exist in our solar system?] " Acta Physica Polononica B32 (2001) pp. 2271-2278.
* Yarris, Lynn. "Does a Companion Star to the Sun Cause Earth's Periodic Mass Extinctions?" Science Beat. Spring 1987
* [http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Evidence_Mounts_For_Companion_Star_To_Our_Sun.html Evidence Mounts For Companion Star To Our Sun] (SpaceDaily) Apr 25, 2006