Bahta Hagos

Bahta Hagos (Ge'ez: ባህታ ሃጎስ) was Dejazmach of Akkele Guzay, and considered an important leader of Eritrean resistance to foreign domination.cite book| last=Killion | first=Tom | title=Historical Dictionary of Eritrea |id= ISBN 0810834375 | publisher=The Scarecrow Press | year=1998] He was born in the mid-1800s in the town of Segeneiti and was killed in a battle against the Italian Colonial Army on December 19 1894.

Bahta originally gained recognition in 1875 when he killed Embaye Araya son of Ras Araya, an Ethiopian Governor, in a skirmish precipitated by raiding of the area. [cite conference | first =RA | last =Caulk | title = Bad men of the Borders: Shum and Shifta in North Ethiopia in the 19th century | booktitle =2nd Annual Seminar of Department of History] Bahta and other Eritrian tribal leaders were in constant conflict with the Ethiopian forces under Ras Alula and Yohannes (himself a Tigrian); for example, despite the best efforts of Ras Alula's lieutenant Balatta Gabru in 1880, Bahta evaded capture and later that year allied himself with the Egyptian garrison at Sanhit (latter Keren). [Ref Ethiopia|Erlich-1996|pages= p. 33] In 1885, as an Italian colonial presence replaced the defeated Egyptians, and their control of Massawa, Bahta moved to ally himself with them and their General, later provincial governor Oreste Baratieri. This was done in the hope that Eritreans would be able to maintain a certain amount of independence, at least more so than under Ethiopian influence. As a consequence, Bahta came to control Akkele Guzay, and by 1889 his own forces formed an important flank in the Italian moves to create the Colony of Eritrea. [Erlich, "Ras Alula", pp. 149, 165] He fought alongside the Italians against the Mahdists at the Battle of Agordat in December, 1893.

However Bahta became increasingly frustrated with the conduct of the Italian Colonial Government and their soldiers, particularly the expropriation of land from the clergy. [Ref Ethiopia|Marcus-1995|pages= pp. 154f] He understood that Menelik was consolidating his power to the south with plans to displace the Italians. In June 1894, he, along with Ras Mengesha Yohannes, Ras Alula, and Wolde Mikael traveled to Addis Ababa to seek forgiveness from the Negus for their dealings with Baratieri. [Ref Ethiopia|Henze-2000|pages= p. 165] Menelik forgave them and offered Mengesha the crown of Tigray in exchange for his loyalty and help in evicting the Italians. The Tigrian leaders plotted against Baratieri while maintaining a guise of friendship with him. Hagos even led an army into the western province of Shiray on the pretext of fighting the Mahdists, but instead subjugated Kitet and started recruiting an even larger army.

In December 1894, Hagos unilaterally led his force of 1,600 men in direct revolt against the Italians, although he claimed support of Mengesha. He captured the Italian administrator at Segeneiti, the then capital of the province, and declared an independent Akkele Guzay. He proclaimed himself "An avenger of rights trampled on by the Italians". [cite news | last=Pankhurst | first=Sylvia | authorlink=Sylvia Pankhurst | title=Eritrea on the Eve: the Past and Future of Italy's "first-born" colony. Ethiopia's Ancient Sea Province | publisher=New Times and Ethiopia News | date=1952] and also said "the Italians curse us, seize our land; I want to free you... let us drive the Italians out and be our own masters." [cite book | last=Caulk | first=Richard | editor= Donald Crummey | title=Banditry, Rebellion, & Social Protest in Africa | series = African Writers Series | chapter = 13. 'Black snake, white snake': Bahta Hagos and his revolt against Italian overrule in Eritrea, 1894 |id= ISBN 0435080113 | publisher=Heinemann | year=1986] On the 15th, the telegraph wires were cut from Segeneiti to Asmara, which the Italians had occupied since 1889, in order to give himself time to mobilize the population and bring Mengesha into the conflict. Baratieri immediately suspected Mengesha and ordered Major Toselli and his battalion to move on Segeneiti.

Upon arrival, the Major entered negotiations with Hagos, who stalled him with excuses and promises of loyalty. The Italian reinforcements started to arrive and by the evening of the 17th Toselli had 1500 men and two artillery pieces. He went to move against Hagos on the morning of the 18th, but found him gone. Hagos had secretly abandoned Segeneiti in the night and had moved his force north against the Italian garrison of 220 men at the small fort of Halay, commanded by Captain Castellazzi. Toselli correctly guessed this was Hagos' plan, and marched his men towards Halay.

Hagos called for Castellazzi to surrender and abandon the fort. Negotiations continued until 13:30, when Hagos' patience came to an end and the attack was ordered. Low on ammunition, the Italians held out until 16:45, when the situation became critical. Toselli's forces arrived at that moment, and launched an attack on Hagos' rear. Hagos was killed in the attack, and his forces fled, many joining Mengesha. Mengesha's army would lose at the Battle of Coatit, but Menelik would soon commit his forces, and destroy the Italians at the Battle of Adwa, ending their colonial hopes for Ethiopia.

Because of his influence, after his death his burial was banned by the Italian Colonial government.cite news | title =Skeletal Remains Of Degiat Bahta Hagos Laid To Rest | work =Eritrea Profile | publisher =Ministry of Information | date =2007-03-10 | url =http://www.shabait.com/upload/newspapers/Mar-07/eritrea_profile_10032007.pdf | accessdate =2007-03-11] They feared that his memorial would be nexus for further rebellion. His body was secretly buried at Halay, and later moved to Segeneiti in 1953. In 2007 he was interred once more in a newly constructed memorial with an honor guard in memorium to his struggle.

References

Further reading

* TEKESTE, Negash (1986): "No Medicine for the Bite of a White Snake: Notes on Nationalism and Resistance in Eritrea, 1890-1940", University of Uppsala. ISBN 9171062505
* MELLI, B (1899): "La colonia Eritrea dalle sue origini fino al 1. marzo 1899", Luigi Battei. (Italian)
* BERKELEY, G. F.-H (1902): "The campaign of Adowa and the rise of Menelik". Reprint, Negro University Press. ISBN 0837111323