Theodor Wilhelm Engelmann

Infobox_Scientist
name = Theodor Wilhelm Engelmann


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birth_date = 1843
birth_place = Leipzig, Germany
death_date = 1909
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residence = Germany
citizenship = German
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field = Physiology
work_institution = University of Utrecht, University of Berlin
alma_mater = University of Leipzig
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known_for = Discoveries concerning the operation of muscles; discoveries concerning photosynthesis
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Theodor Wilhelm Engelmann (born 1843 in Leipzig – died 1909) was a German botanist, physiologist, microbiologist, university professor, and musician whose 1882 experiment measured the effects of different colors of light on photosynthetic activity and showed that the conversion of light energy to chemical energy took place in the chloroplast.

Academic history

Englemann studied natural science and medicine first at the University of Jena, from 1861 to 1862, and later at the University of Heidelberg, the University of Göttingen and the University of Leipzig. In 1867, he received a doctoral degree in medicine at Leipzig.

He later taught physiology at the University of Utrecht, becoming a professor in 1888. In 1897, he began teaching physiology at the University of Berlin, where he also became the editor of the "Archiv für Anatomie und Physiologie". He retired in 1908, but continued to serve as editor until his death.

Scientific investigations

Engleman's major contribution to the field of physiology emerged from a study lasting from 1873 to 1897, in which he observed the contractions of striated muscles. Focusing on the visible bands of fibers in the muscles, he noted that the volume of the anistropic band increased during contraction, whereas the volume of the isotropic band decreased. He theorized that it was this interaction between the two bands which allowed for muscle contraction.

He also demonstrated, after experiments with dissected frogs in 1875, that contractions of the heart were caused by the heart muscle itself, not an external nerve stimulus, as was previously believed.

Engelmann performed three significant experiments involving photosynthesis:

In 1881, he observed the movement of bacteria towards the chloroplasts in a strand of “Spirogyra” algae. Engelmann hypothesized that the bacteria were moving in response to oxygen generated by the photosynthetically active chloroplasts in the algae. This was one of the first documented observations of positive aerotaxis in bacteria. In 1882, he performed his famous action spectrum experiment using a device designed and built by Carl Zeiss. The modified microscope had a prism which could produce a microscopic spectrum on a microscope slide. The device could also distinguish and measure different wavelengths of light making it a “micro-spectroscope.” Engelmann used this device to illuminate a strand of Cladophora (not Spirogyra) with light from the visible spectrum, exposing different sections to different wavelengths (or colors of light). He added the oxygen seeking bacteria B. termo to this setup and noted where they accumulated (Note: Four years later, Hauser concluded that B. termo had been mislabeled and was not one, but three species of bacteria of the genus Proteus [cite book |author=M.V. Ball |year=1914 |title=Essentials of Bacteriology |edition=7 |pages=147 ] ). Their clumping allowed him to see which regions had the highest concentration of oxygen. He concluded that the most photosynthetically active regions will have the highest concentrations of bacteria. The bacteria accumulated in the regions of red and blue light, showing that these wavelengths of light generated the most photosynthetic activity. However, his experiment was somewhat flawed because he used the sun as his lightsource. He failed to account for the fact that the sun does not emit all visible wavelengths of light at the same intensity. However, further analysis of plant pigments proved that his results were valid. [cite journal |author=T.W. Engelmann |year=1882 |title=Über Sauerstoffausscheidung von Pflanzenzellen im Mikrospectrum |journal=Bot. Zeit. |volume=40 |pages=419–426 ] A year later Engelmann discovered that purple bacteria utilise ultraviolet light in the same way. [cite journal |author=T.W. Engelmann |month=Dec |year=1883 |title=Ein Beitrag zur vergleichenden Physiologie des Licht- und Farbensinnes |journal=Pflüg. Arch. Eur. J. Phys. |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=95–124 |doi=10.1007/BF01674325 ]

References

External links

* [http://vlp.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/references?id=per304 Short biography, bibliography, and links on digitized sources] in the Virtual Laboratory of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=ffUUAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:0jnxugcmKw45WIG2ftiAwb&lr=#PRA1-PA418,M1 Original Source for Action Spectrum Experiment]
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=O5gCAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:0jnxugcmKw45WIG2ftiAwb&lr=#PPA442,M1 Bacterial Method]
* [http://209.85.173.104/search?q=cache:pxCuZYBMSGIJ:www.life.uiuc.edu/govindjee/Part3/35_HangarterStarchPics.pdf+pictorial+demonstrations+of+photosynthesis&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=us Pictoral Demonstrations of Photosynthesis]
* [http://www.timelinescience.org/resource/students/photosyn/photosyn.htm Timeline of Photosyntheis]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16143904&dopt=Abstract Contributions of Theodor Wilhelm Engelmann on phototaxis, chemotaxis and photosynthesis]
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=wDgNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA147&lpg=PA147&dq=hauser+termo&source=web&ots=CM7nUG8ykz&sig=zYY-55YZ6rj1_mzxg2j5J89EGDQ&hl=en B. termo Information]