Protoceratops

Taxobox
name = "Protoceratops"
fossil_range = Late Cretaceous

---

image_width = 200px
image_caption = "Protoceratops" skeleton at Wyoming Dinosaur Center.
regnum = Animalia
phylum = Chordata
classis = Sauropsida
superordo = Dinosauria
ordo = Ornithischia
subordo = Cerapoda
infraordo = Ceratopsia
familia = Protoceratopsidae
genus = "Protoceratops"
genus_authority = Granger & Gregory, 1923
subdivision_ranks = Species
subdivision =
* "P. andrewsi" Granger & Gregory, 1923(type)
* "P. hellenikorhinus" Lambert "et al.", 2001

"Protoceratops" (meaning 'First Horned Face', derived from Greek "proto-/πρωτο-" 'first', "cerat-/κερατ-" 'horn' and "-ops/-ωψ" face) [cite book|author=Liddell & Scott|year=1980|title=Greek-English Lexicon, Abridged Edition |publisher=Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK|id=ISBN 0-19-910207-4] is a genus of sheep-sized (1.5 to 2 m long) herbivorous ceratopsian dinosaur, from the Upper Cretaceous Period (Campanian stage) of what is now Mongolia. It was a member of the Protoceratopsidae, a group of early horned dinosaurs. Unlike later ceratopsians, however, it lacked well-developed horns and retained some primitive traits not seen in later genera.

"Protoceratops" had a large neck frill, which may have served to protect the neck, to anchor jaw muscles, to impress other members of the species, or combinations of these functions. Described by Walter Granger and W.K. Gregory in 1923, "Protoceratops" was initially believed to be an ancestor of the North American ceratopsians. Researchers currently distinguish two species of "Protoceratops" ("P. andrewsi" and "P. hellenikorhinus"), based in part by their respective sizes.

In the 1920s, Roy Chapman Andrews discovered fossilized eggs in Mongolia that were interpreted as belonging to this dinosaur, but which turned out to be those of "Oviraptor".

Description

"Protoceratops" was approximately 1.8 meters (6 ft) in length and 0.6 meters (2 ft) high at the shoulder. A fully grown adult would have weighed less than 400 pounds. "Protoceratops." In: Dodson, Peter & Britt, Brooks & Carpenter, Kenneth & Forster, Catherine A. & Gillette, David D. & Norell, Mark A. & Olshevsky, George & Parrish, J. Michael & Weishampel, David B. "The Age of Dinosaurs". Publications International, LTD. p. 118-119. ISBN 0-7853-0443-6.] The large numbers of specimens found in high concentration suggest that "Protoceratops" lived in herds.

"Protoceratops" was a relatively small dinosaur with a proportionately large skull. Although an herbivore, "Protoceratops" appears to have had muscular jaws capable of a powerful bite. These jaws were packed with dozens of teeth well suited for chewing tough vegetation. The skull consisted of a massive frontal beak and four pairs of fenestrae (skull openings). The foremost hole was the naris, which was considerably smaller than the nostrils seen in later genera. "Protoceratops" had large orbits (the holes for its eyes), which measured around 50 millimeters in diameter. Behind the eye was a slightly smaller fenestra, the infratemporal fenestra.

This quadrupedal dinosaur had a neck frill at the back of its skull. The frill itself contained two large parietal fenestra (holes in the frill), while its cheeks had large jugal bones.cite book|title=The Ultimate Dinosaur Book|year=1993|author=Lambert, D.|pages=pp. 152—167|publisher=Dorling Kindersley, New York|isbn=1-56458-304-X] The exact size and shape of the neck frill varied by individual; some specimens had short, compact frills, while others had frills nearly half the length of the skull. The frill consists mostly of the parietal bone and partially of the squamosal. Some researchers, including Peter Dodson attribute the different sizes and shapes of these bones to sexual dimorphism and the age of the specimen.

Discovery and species

Photographer J.B. Shackelford discovered the first specimen of "Protoceratops" in the Gobi desert, (Gansu, Inner Mongolia), as part of a 1922 American expedition looking for human ancestors. No early human fossils were found, but the expedition, led by Roy Chapman Andrews, collected many specimens of the "Protoceratops" genus, along with fossil skeletons of theropods "Velociraptor", "Oviraptor", and ceratopsid "Psittacosaurus".cite book|author=Dodson, P.|year=1996|title=The Horned Dinosaurs|publisher=Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey|pages= 200-234|id=ISBN 0-691-05900-4]

Walter Granger and W.K. Gregory formally described the type species, "P. andrewsi" in 1923, the specific name in honor of Andrews. The fossils date from the Campanian stage of the Upper Cretaceous (83.5 to 70.6 million years ago). Researchers immediately noted the importance of the "Protoceratops" finds, and the genus was hailed as the "long-sought ancestor of "Triceratops". The fossils were in an excellent state of preservation, with even the sclerotic rings (delicate occular bones) preserved in some specimens.In 1971, a fossil was found that captured a "Velociraptor" clutched around a "Protoceratops" in Mongolia. It is believed that they died simultaneously, while fighting, when they were either surprised by a sand storm or buried when a sand dune collapsed on top of them.cite_journal |last=Carpenter |first=Ken. |authorlink=Kenneth Carpenter |year=1998 |title=Evidence of predatory behavior by theropod dinosaurs. |journal=Gaia |volume=15 |pages=135–144 |url=http://vertpaleo.org/publications/jvp/15-576-591.cfm [not printed until 2000] ]

In 1975, Polish paleontologists Teresa Maryanska and Halszka Osmólska described a second species of "Protoceratops", from the Campanian stage of Mongolia, which they named "P. kozlowskii".Maryanska, T. and Osmólska, H. (1975). "Protoceratopsidae (Dinosauria) of Asia". "Palaeontologica Polonica" 33:133-181] However, the fossils consisted of incomplete juvenile remains, and are now considered synonymous with "Bagaceratops rozhdestvenskyi".You H. & Dodson, P. 2004. Basal Ceratopsia. In: Weishampel, D.B., Dodson, P., & Osmolska, H. (Eds.). "The Dinosauria" (2nd Edition). Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 478-493.]

In 2001, a second valid species, "P. hellenikorhinus", was named from the Bayan Mandahu Formation in Inner Mongolia, China and also dates from the Campanian epoch of the Upper Cretaceous. It was notably larger than "P. andrewsi", had a slightly different frill, and had more robust jugal horns. The arch of bone over its nostrils had two small nasal horns, and there were no teeth at the front of the snout. [cite journal|author=Lambert, O, Godefroit, P, Li, H, Shang, C.-Y. & Dong,Z.-M.|year=2001|title=A new species of "Protoceratops" (Dinosauria, Neoceratopsia) from the Late Cretaceous of Inner Mongolia (P. R. China)|journal=Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Science de la Terre|pages=5–28]

Reproduction

In the 1920s, Roy Chapman Andrews discovered the first known fossilized dinosaur eggs, in the Gobi Desert of Mongolia. Each egg was about 8 inches long, and newborn hatchlings estimated to have been about a foot in length. Due to the proximity and abundance of "Protoceratops", these eggs were believed at the time to belong to this genus. The contemporary theropod "Oviraptor" was thought to consume "Protoceratops" eggs due to the discovery of an "Oviraptor" skeleton present at a nest. The skull was crushed, and it was speculated that the injury was received by an angry "Protoceratops" mother defending her nest from the predator.

However, in 1993 Norrell "et al." discovered an embryo inside a supposed "Protoceratops" egg. This embryo, upon close examination, turned out to actually belong to "Oviraptor" itself. [http://dallasdino.org/exhibits/dinoworld/Protoceratops.asp] The original find actually represented "Oviraptor" brooding behavior rather than a failed attempt at oophagy.

Classification

clade|style=font-size:75%;line-height:75%
label1= Coronosauria
1=clade
label1= Leptoceratopsidae
1=clade
1= "Montanoceratops"
label2= void
2=clade
1= "Udanoceratops"
2= "Leptoceratops"
3= "Prenoceratops"
label2= void
2=clade
1= "Graciliceratops"
label2= void
2=clade
label1= Protoceratopsidae
1=clade
1= "Bagaceratops"
2= "Protoceratops"
label2= void
2=clade
1= "Zuniceratops"
2= Ceratopsidae

"Protoceratops" was the first named protoceratopsian and hence gives its name to the family Protoceratopsidae, a group of herbivorous dinosaurs that were too advanced to be psittacosaurids, but too primitive to be ceratopsids. The group is characterized by their similarities to the Ceratopsidae but with more cursorial limb proportions, generally smaller frills, and lack of large horns.

In 1998, Paul Sereno defined Protoceratopsidae as the stem-based clade including "all coronosaurs closer to "Protoceratops" than to "Triceratops"." Some studies placed "Bagaceratops", "Breviceratops", "Graciliceratops", "Lamaceratops", "Magnirostris", "Platyceratops", and "Serendipaceratops" within Protoceratopsidae, but in 2006, Makovicky and Norell published a new phylogeny which removed several genera from Protoceratopsidae; several other phylogenies also exist. "Bainoceratops" may be synonymous with "Protoceratops".cite journal| last = Makovicky| first = P.J.| authorlink = | coauthors = Norell, M.A.| title = "Yamaceratops dorngobiensis", a new primitive ceratopsian (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Cretaceous of Mongolia. 3530:1-42 | journal = American Museum Novitates| volume = 3530| issue = | pages = 1-42| publisher = | location = | date = 2006| url = http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/bitstream/2246/5808/1/N3530.pdf| doi = | id = | accessdate = 2008-08-10]

Origin of griffin myths

Folklorist and historian of science Adrienne Mayor of Stanford University has suggested that the exquisitely preserved fossil skeletons of "Protoceratops" and other beaked dinosaurs, found by ancient Scythian nomads who mined gold in the Tian Shan and Altai Mountains of Central Asia, may have been at the root of the image of the mythical creature known as the griffin. Griffins were described as lion-sized quadrupeds with large claws and a raptor-bird-like beak; they laid their eggs in nests on the ground.

Greek writers began describing the griffin around 675 B.C., at the same time the Greeks first made contact with Scythian nomads. Griffins were described as guarding the gold deposits in the arid hills and red sandstone formations of the wilderness. The region of Mongolia and China where many "Protoceratops" fossils are found is rich in gold runoff from the neighboring mountains, lending some credence to the theory that these fossils were the basis of griffin myths.

References

*cite book|author=Dodson, P.|year=1996|title=The Horned Dinosaurs|publisher=Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey|id=ISBN 0-691-05900-4
*cite book|author=Mayor, A.|year=2000|title=The First Fossil Hunters: Paleontology in Greek and Roman Times|publisher=Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey|id=ISBN 0-691-05863-6

Gallery

External links

* [http://www.gondwanastudios.com/info/pro.htm Protoceratops, Gondwana Studios]
* [http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/fightingdinos/videos.html A video of "Protoceratops" vs "Velociraptor"]
* [http://www.users.qwest.net/~jstweet1/ceratopia.htm Ceratopia] from "Thescelosaurus" web site