Philip Workman

Philip Ray Workman (1 June 1953 – 9 May 2007) was a death row inmate executed in Tennessee on May 9, 2007.cite news |url=http://www.tennessean.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070509/NEWS03/70509001 |title=1:50 a.m.: Workman executed |last=Schrade (et al.) |first=Brad |publisher=Tennessean |date=May 9, 2007 |accessdate=2007-05-10] He was convicted in 1982 for the murder of a police officer following a botched robbery of a Wendy's restaurant in Memphis, Tennessee, and sentenced to death by lethal injection.

For some, assertion of Workman's guilt remains controversial and questionable. Five of the jurors that convicted Workman in 1982 have since signed affidavits renouncing either the sentence or the verdict or both. They cited subsequent medical investigation and ballistics evidence, unheard during the trial, that suggested the fatal shot was inconsistent with the bullets in Worman's gun and has suggested possible accidental shots from other officers, though no official confirming statement was filed. Additionally, one prosecution eyewitness was found to have lied in his testimony, and during trial it was found that officers had covered up details concerning shots fired at the shooting of the slain officer.

Workman is also notable for his unusual request for a last meal: a vegetarian pizza to be given to a homeless person.

Early life

Born in 1953 at Fort Campbell, Kentucky, Philip Workman grew up with his parents on various Army bases. Later he joined the Army. Shortly after his 1973 discharge, Workman was sentenced to 5 years in prison in Georgia for burglary and drug possession. He served 25 months.cite news |url=http://www.lairdcarlson.com/celldoor/00301/SW00301TennesseeStay.htm |title=TENNESSE:-execution is stayed |author=The Tennessean |publisher=Cell Door Magazine |date=March 30, 2001 |accessdate=2007-05-11]

1981 Armed robbery and death of Lt. Oliver

In 1981, at 28 years old, Workman was living with his wife and 8-year-old daughter in Columbus, Georgia and was heavily addicted to cocaine. That summer, he hitchhiked to Memphis where, on August 5, 1981, he robbed a Wendy’s restaurant with a .45 caliber semi-automatic pistol.

During the robbery, an employee of the restaurant triggered a silent alarm after Workman granted her request to stand up to relieve a cramp in her leg. [http://www.cnn.com/video/player/player.html?url=/video/law/2007/05/03/raw.workman.interview.cnn] Three Memphis police officers, Ronald Oliver, Aubrey Stoddard, and Steven Parker, responded to the alarm. Upon their arrival, Workman attempted to flee across a nearby parking lot, but tripped on a curb and was cornered by the officers. Workman claims he then attempted to surrender but, as he was pulling his gun from his pants to give it to the officers, he was struck on the head with a flashlight. As a result of the blow, Workman claims that he involuntarily discharged the gun twice, once in the air, and then at a person who had fired at him. cite news |url=http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAMR510092000?open&of=ENG-USA |title=USA (Tennessee): Death penalty / Legal concern: Philip Ray Workman
author=Amnesty International |date=January 19, 2000 |accessdate=2007-05-10] Workman escaped the immediate melee, but a civilian found him hiding under a truck. He was covered with blood from his head wound, and had a shotgun wound to his buttocks. At the scene of the shootout, Lt. Ronald Oliver lay dying from a bullet that passed completely through his body.

1982 Trial

Workman was charged with the murder of Lt. Oliver. At the 1982 trial, Officers Stoddard and Parker testified that they had not fired their weapons, but that they had not seen Workman shoot Lt. Oliver. The prosecution presented testimony from an alleged eyewitness, Harold Davis, who stated that he had parked his car in the restaurant car park and was three meters away when he saw Workman shoot Oliver. The defense lawyers accepted the police version, conducted no forensic or ballistics analysis and did not investigate Davis. At the sentencing phase of the trial, they presented no mitigating evidence, for example of the physical abuse Workman had suffered as a child, and his drug addiction as an adult. Workman was found guilty of murder during the commission of a felony by the jury (under the "felony murder" rule). The jury recommended a sentence of death, finding five statutory aggravating circumstances:

a) The defendant knowingly created a great risk of death to two (2) or more persons, other than the victim murdered, during the act of murder (Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-2-203(i)(3));

b) The murder was committed for the purpose of avoiding, interfering with, or preventing a lawful arrestor prosecution of the defendant or another (Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-2-203(i)(6));

c) The murder was committed while the defendant was engaged in committing, or was an accomplice in the commission of, or was attempting to commit, or was fleeing after committing or attempting to commit, the offense of robbery (Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-2-203(i)(7));

d) The murder was committed by the defendant while in lawful custody or in a place of lawful confinement or during the defendant's escape from lawful custody or from a lawful place of confinement (Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-2- 203(i)(8)); and

e) The murder was committed against any law enforcement officer, corrections official, corrections employee or firefighter, who was engaged in the performance of official duties, and the defendant knew or reasonably should have known that such victim was a law enforcement officer, corrections official, corrections employee or firefighter engaged in the performance of official duties (Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-2-203(i)(9)).

Testimony of Harold Davis

At the 1982 trial, the case of the prosecution rested heavily on the testimony of Harold Davis, who claimed that he had been just 3 meters away from the crime scene and saw Philip Workman shoot Lt. Oliver. In November 1999, Harold Davis retracted his testimony, claiming that he called in the false lead to collect money to support his drug habit. He later passed a lie detector test confirming that he did not witness the actual shooting. Davis claims that he was threatened that harm would come to his family members should he change his testimony. [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xoWvZXOBgm] Several other eyewitnesses have testified that they did not see Davis at the scene and the police report on the crime scene never noted Davis' presence.cite news |url=http://tcask.org/cases/workman/workman.html |title=Philip Workman Executed in Spite of Serious Doubt |author=Tennessee Coalition to Abolish State Killing |date=May 9, 2007 |accessdate=2007-05-10] Steve Craig, an eye witness to the shooting who did not testify at the trial due to illness, signed a statement in 1995 that he had a clear view of the car park and that he had not seen Davis.

Subsequent appellate proceedings, however, failed to establish the falsity of Harold Davis' original testimony. According to the Tennessee Court of Criminal Appeals, Davis' testimony at a 2002 hearing can be "best summarized" by the following exchange:

"Prosecutor: You’re not saying you lied, right?"

"Davis: Right."

"Prosecutor: Ok. In the trial, you’re not saying-"

"Davis: Right."

"Prosecutor: -You lied about that?"

"Davis: Right. I’m not saying that."

"Prosecutor: You just don’t know."

"Davis: I just don’t remember. I just don’t know . . . ."

The U.S. Court of Appeals, reviewing previous appellate decisions to decide a request for a stay of execution on May 4, 2007, found that, "The Tennessee courts . . . concluded that [the evidence] did not show that Davis lied at the trial. The state trial court found that the testimony did not amount to a recantation and did not show that Davis had lied during the trial."cite news |url=http://www.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/07a0160p-06.pdf |title=Workman vs. Bell: Decision of U.S. Court of Appeals for the 6th Circuit to Refuse Stay of Execution |author=United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit |date=May 4, 2007 |accessdate=2007-05-10]

Ballistics evidence

Ballistics experts have questioned whether the bullet which killed Lt. Oliver could have come from Workman's gun. Many years after the trial, Dr. Cyril Wecht, a past president of the American Board of Legal Medicine and former lead consultant on the U.S. House of Representatives Subcommittee on Assassins, (and now under an 84 count indictment by the U.S. Attorney for selling bodies and other improprieties) has testified that, " [I] t is my professional opinion, based upon a reasonable degree of medical certainty, that the gunshot wound to [Lt.] Ronald D. Oliver is not consistent with the type of ammunition used by Mr. Philip R. Workman. I do not believe that it was Mr. Workman's gun that fired the shot that fatally wounded [Lt.] Oliver." As Dr. Wecht was giving evidence many years subsequent to the death of Lt. Oliver, he did not examine the body in person. Rather, his professional opinion was given on the basis of studying photographs of the deceased.

Dr. Wecht based his opinion on the fact that Workman was using a .45 caliber gun and hollow point ammunition and that such bullets fired from such a gun more than 90% of the time do not pass through the body but remain within the shooting victim. Dr. Wecht's professional opinion was that when hollow point ammunition fired from a .45 caliber gun does pass through the body of the victim, the exit wound is almost always larger than the entry wound. According to medical examiner Dr. James Bell, the exit wound on Lt. Oliver's body was smaller than the entry wound. Such a wound is consistent with the .38 caliber weapons being fired by the police.

At the 1981 trial, Officers Stoddard and Parker repeatedly testified that only Workman and Oliver fired guns and that therefore no one else but Workman could have shot Oliver. However, Steve Craig claims that he had seen Officer Parker fire his gun at Workman, but was told by police that "there was no need to talk about this ... unless it was with someone from the department." In January 2005, a retired Memphis police officer who went to jail for manufacturing phony drivers' certificates swore in an affidavit that the Memphis police covered up details of Oliver's shooting. cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/US/05/02/workman.sidebar/ |title=Tennessee case twists and turns toward death |last=Fantz |first=Ashley |publisher=CNN |date=May 4, 2007 |accessdate=2007-05-10] Neither Officer Stoddard's nor Officer Parker's revolvers were examined in the course of the criminal investigation.

Doubts of jurors, prosecutors, judges, and the victim's family

Five of the jurors which convicted Workman in 1982 have since signed affidavits renouncing either the sentence or the verdict or both. Wardie Parks, a member of the 1982 jury, has stated that, "If the new evidence I reviewed had been presented at Workman's trial...I would have had a reasonable doubt whether Workman was guilty of first-degree felony murder, and I would have voted to acquit him of that charge."cite news |url=http://www.tcask.org/press-releases/20040825%20press%20release%20-%20Executing%20Injustice%20-%20Workman.html |title=Executing Injustice: Did Judge John Colton Prejudice Philip Workman's 2001 Evidentiary hearing? |author=Tennessee Coalition to Abolish State Killing |date=Aug. 25, 2004 |accessdate=2007-05-10] Parks has said that he did not hear any ballistics evidence during the original trial and believed the testimony of eyewitness Harold Davis.

In 2000, two justices on the Tennessee Supreme Court, Justice Birch and Justice Drowata, expressed their concern, although were powerless to consider new evidence which might overturn the original verdict. Justice Birch called on then Governor of Tennessee, Don Sundquist, to commute Workman's sentence. Justice Drowata remarked, "The circumstances of this case are by no means as egregious as most of the death penalty cases I have reviewed [and] are less egregious than many of the life sentences I have reviewed . . . The date set for execution . . . affords the Governor sufficient time to carefully consider any executive clemency application that may be filed".

In 2000, Lt. Oliver's daughter and the former District Attorney who prosecuted Workman called on the Governor to grant him clemency.

Appellate proceedings

On March 30, 2001, just 37 minutes before Workman was scheduled to be executed, the Tennessee Supreme Court overturned a decision by Judge John P. Colton, Jr. of the Shelby County Criminal Court to deny a writ of "error coram nobis". The Supreme Court order stated that "if (Workman) did not fire that shot, he is not guilty of the crime for which he is scheduled to be put to death. ... No court in this state has actually held a hearing to fully evaluate the strength of these claims."

The subsequent appellate proceeding was presided over by Judge Colton, who had also presided over the 1982 trial in which Workman was originally convicted and sentenced to death. Following a series of acts deemed prejudicial to the defense, Workman's attorneys asked Judge Colton to remove himself from the case, but this was denied and the hearing proceeded with Judge Colton presiding. Observers contend that the subsequent trial was conducted in a manner biased against Workman, citing in particular the failure of Judge Colton to protect Mr. Davis and Dr. Wecht from abusive questioning by the District Attorney. Judge Colton also disallowed Wardie Parks, a member of the 1982 jury who has since renounced his verdict, to speak as a witness of new evidence.

On January 7, 2002, Judge Colton ruled against Workman, stating that the "new evidence presented by lawyers for death row inmate Philip Workman is insufficient to warrant a new trial." Judge Colton found that Harold Davis’ statements “ [did] not amount to a recantation of his original trial testimony,” “were neither clear nor persuasive,” and that “ [t] he only definitive statement made by Harold Davis was that he did not clearly remember the events surrounding the death of Lieutenant Ronald Oliver.”cite news |url=http://www.tsc.state.tn.us/OPINIONS/TSC/CapCases/Workman/01102002/ResetMot.pdf |title=Workman vs. State of Tennessee: Motion of the State of Tennessee to Dissolve Stay and Reset Date of Execution |author=Supreme Court of Tennessee |date=January 10, 2002 |accessdate=2007-05-12]

With regard to the new ballistics information, Judge Colton found that “the jury essentially heard, through the testimony of [F.B.I.] Agent [Gerald] Wilkes, the same information provided by Dr. Wecht.” Judge Colton noted that, while Dr. Wecht opined that the .45 caliber bullet fired from Workman’s gun and recovered from the scene was not the bullet that killed Lieutenant Oliver and that it was unlikely that a .45 caliber aluminum-jacketed bullet would create an entrance wound considerably larger than the exit wound, he also admitted that “he could not conclusively exclude the possibility that a .45 caliber bullet caused the fatal wound,”and “that it was possible for a .45 caliber, hollow-point bullet to create a smaller exit than entrance wound.” Judge Colton found “no testimony, including that of Dr. Wecht, which affirmatively rules out the possibility that one of the other three to five bullets shot by Workman caused the fatal injuries,” and that “the jury would have still heard the defendant’s admission that he fired his weapon and that he indeed pointed the weapon at the victim.”

Final days

On Friday, May 4, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit refused, by a two-to-one decision, to grant a stay of execution for Workman. The stay had been requested on the grounds that "the Attorney General for the State of Tennessee . . . perpetrated a fraud upon the district court during Workman’s habeas corpus proceedings". The majority opinion found that "On this record, Workman has not met his burden of showing a likelihood of success in demonstrating that the district court abused its discretion. Nearly twenty-five years after Workman’s capital sentence and five stays of execution later, both the state and the public have an interest in finality which, if not deserving of respect yet, may never receive respect."

On Friday, May 4, a U.S. District Court Judge issued a Temporary Restraining Order precluding the State of Tennessee from executing Workman until a preliminary injunction hearing assesses the constitutionality of Tennessee's revised procedure for administering lethal injections. However, this restraining order was vacated by a two-to-one decision of the U.S. Court for Appeals for the Sixth Circuit on Monday, May 7 and Workman was moved to death watch. The decision to vacate the restraining order was stridently criticized, on both procedural and substantive grounds, by the dissenting Judge Cole. Judge Cole wrote, "The majority’s opinion rests on a profound jurisdictional defect: There is no appealable order before this Court. The district court issued a temporary restraining order, not a preliminary injunction . . . The district court’s TRO cannot be magically transformed into a preliminary injunction, which is an appealable order, even though the State and a majority of this Court may wish it." [cite news |url=http://www.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/07a0162p-06.pdf |title=Decision of U.S. Court of Appeals for the 6th Circuit to Overturn Temporary Restraining Order |author=United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit |date=May 4, 2007 |accessdate=2007-05-10]

Last meal request: Vegetarian pizza for the homeless

For his last meal, Workman asked that a large vegetarian pizza be given to a homeless person. The prison officials denied his request, and Workman refused to eat anything.

On May 9th, homeless shelters across Tennessee received massive numbers of vegetarian pizzas from people all over the country honoring Workman's last meal request. "Philip Workman was trying to do a good deed and no one would help him," said one woman who, together with friends, donated $1200 worth of pizzas to Nashville's Rescue Mission. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) President Ingrid Newkirk, who donated 15 veggie pizzas, commented that "Workman's act was selfless, and kindness to all living beings is a virtue." Marvin Champion, an employee of Nashville's Rescue Mission, remarked "I used to be homeless, so I know how rough it gets. I seen some bad times -- not having enough food, the cupboards are bare. But we got pizza to feed enough people for awhile."cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/US/05/09/execution.pizza/index.html |title=Executed man's last request honored -- pizza for homeless |last=Fantz |first=Ashley |publisher=CNN |date=May 9, 2007 |accessdate=2007-05-10] cite news |url=http://www.tennessean.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070510/NEWS03/705100419 |title=Workman's bequest sends pizza to homeless |last=Alligood |first=Leon |publisher=Tennessean |date=May 10, 2007 |accessdate=2007-05-11] cite news |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/worldnews.html?in_article_id=453984&in_page_id=1811|title=Hundreds of homeless enjoy pizza feast as condemned man's last wish |publisher=The Daily Mail |author=Daily Mail staff |date=May 10, 2007 |accessdate=2007-05-12]

Execution

At 10:00 p.m. central time, the Supreme Court refused to hear any appeals. At 12:15 a.m. on May 9, 2007, the Tennessee state Supreme Court refused to hear his final appeal, which requested more time for the defense attorneys to review the injection procedures. When asked by Warden Ricky Bell what his last words would be, he stated "I've prayed to the Lord Jesus Christ not to lay charge of my death to any man." After 2 minutes had passed the start of the injections, he said "I commend my spirit into your hands, Lord Jesus Christ." His head then drifted to the left as he fell unconscious.

Philip Workman was pronounced dead at 1:38 AM (CDT) after a 17-minute procedure. Prison officials made the announcement that Workman had been executed at 1:50 a.m. on May 9, 2007.cite news |url=http://www.tennessean.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070508/NEWS03/70508088 |title=1:50 a.m.: Workman executed, prison officials say |last=Schrade (et al.) |first=Brad |publisher=Tennessean |date=May 8, 2007 |accessdate=2007-05-11]

Post-mortem controversy

Although prior to his execution, Philip Workman was successful in obtaining a court order against autopsy, his demand that his body not be subjected to examination was still scheduled to be legally challenged in the days following his death. At issue was the legality of drawing blood and other bodily fluids from Workman's body. The position of state medical examiner Dr. Bruce Levy was that "If the state is going to be executing people, as the medical examiner, it is my responsibility to ensure that the executions are carried out according to state law." cite news |url=http://www.tennessean.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070510/NEWS03/705100393 |title=State doctor sees need for autopsy of Workman |last=Burke |first=Sheila |publisher=Tennessean |date=May 10, 2007 |accessdate=2007-05-11] At a hearing on the Monday following the execution, Philip's brother Terry testified that "Philip was a Seventh-day Adventist at the time of his execution and strongly believed in non-desecration of the body after death." At the hearing, the court order barring autopsy was extended in order to give District Judge Todd Campbell time to issue an "opinion". cite news |url=http://www.tennessean.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070515/NEWS03/705150374 |title=Judge extends his order to prohibit autopsy on executed inmate's body |last=French |first=Rose |publisher=Tennessean |date=May 15, 2007 |accessdate=2007-05-17] On Friday, May 18, Judge Campbell allowed the state medical examiner to perform a "less-invasive autopsy".cite news |url=http://www.tennessean.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=2007705190334 |title=Workman's family, state OK autopsy |last=Wadhwani |first=Anita |publisher=Tennessean |date=May 19, 2007 |accessdate=2007-05-24]

Notes

Additional references

* [http://www.justicedenied.org/philip.htm Justice Denied: "Philip Workman"]
* [http://www.amnestyusa.org/actioncenter/actions/action8525.pdf Amnesty International: "Death penalty / Legal concern: Philip Ray Workman" (April 27, 2007)]
* [http://thefreedonian.blogspot.com/2007/04/just-facts-philip-workman-case.html Freedonian: "Just the Facts: The Philip Workman Case" (April 30, 2007)]
* [http://thefreedonian.blogspot.com/2007/05/stranger-than-fiction-people-vs-philip.html Freedonian: "Stranger Than Fiction: The People vs. Philip Workman" (May 4, 2007)]
* [http://www.cnn.com/video/player/player.html?url=/video/law/2007/05/03/raw.workman.interview.cnn CNN: "Interview with Philip Workman" (May 4, 2007)]
* [http://www.cnn.com/2007/US/05/02/lethal.injection/index.html CNN: "Convicted killer fears his last moments" (May 4, 2007)]
* [http://www.centralmediaserver.com/WPTY/3-07-cv-0490%20order%20granting%20tro.pdf Temporary Restraining Order in Philip Workman v. Gov Phil Bredesen et. al. (May 4, 2007)]
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20070319213249/http://www.state.tn.us/correction/deathrowlist.htm Tennessee Department of Correction: Death Row List (March 19, 2007)] ; archived from [http://www.state.tn.us/correction/deathrowlist.htm the original]
* [http://www.tennessean.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070507/NEWS03/705070360/1001 Tennessean.com: "Judges turn down appeal by Workman" (May 7, 2007)]
* [http://www.tennessean.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070508/NEWS03/705080362 Tennessean.com: "Workman lands on death watch" (May 8, 2007)]
* [http://www.wsmv.com/news/13271998/detail.html WSMV television news reports on the execution of Philip Workman (May 9th, 2007)]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xoWvZXOBgmA Deadly Silence "You Tube" video]

ee also

*List of individuals executed in Tennessee
*Capital punishment in the United States