Iditarod Trail

The Iditarod Trail, also known historically as the Seward-to-Nome Mail Trail, refers to a thousand-plus mile (1.600km) historic and contemporary trail system in the U.S. state of Alaska.

Historic Iditarod Trail

The Iditarod Trail was a trail that connected a point convert|80|km|abbr=on|lk=on north of Seward, Alaska, where a forerunner of the Alaska Railroad ended, through Iditarod, Alaska and then to Nome. The trail was about convert|1850|km|abbr=on long.

From its beginning, the trail wound along Turnagain Arm, over Crow Pass, down the Eagle River Valley and northward to the trading post of Knik, Alaska, the largest town on the Upper Cook Inlet until the railroad town of Anchorage was founded in 1915. The trail then passed west through the valleys of the Susitna River and Yentna River and over the Alaska Range and Rainy Pass. West of the Alaska Range, the trail crossed the Kuskokwim River Valley to the hills west of McGrath and entered the Innoko River mining district and the town of Ophir. After Ophir, the trail went southwest through the Kuskokwim Mountains to Iditarod.

The trail went north from Iditarod through the now abandoned towns of Dikeman and Dishkaket and then northwest to the village of Kaltag. The trail then followed the convert|145|km|abbr=on long Kaltag Portage, an ancient native trading trail, to Unalakleet, on the Norton Sound. From Unalakleet, the trail north and west around the shore of the Seward Peninsula, passing the villages of Shaktoolik, Koyuk, and Golovin. It then proceeded to its end on Front Street in Nome.

The trail was used during the winter by dog mushers with large freight sleds carrying up to convert|500|kg of freight.

Iditarod National Historic Trail

(From Bureau of Land Management brochure on Iditarod National Historic Trail)

When American explorers and prospectors arrived in the north, they quickly learned from Native Alaskans that sled dog teams were the only way to reliably move goods and people across the frozen landscape. Not by chance, the ‘Seward to Nome Trail’ as the Iditarod was originally called, was first mapped and marked in 1908 by a four-person Alaska Road Commission crew supported by dog teams.

"“…having two basket sleds and 18 sets dog harness made…at Seward we spent five days “trying out dogs” and repacking the outfit ready for the trip. ..”" W.L.Goodwin 1908

Nine months after the route was surveyed, two prospectors made a ‘Christmas Day Strike’ in the Iditarod Mining District, and the last great gold rush was on. Between 1910 and 1912, 10,000 gold seekers came to Alaska’s “Inland Empire”. In the following years they worked $30 million of gold from the ground.

"“…in the month of March I left for the north. That was many years ago when there were only two modes of travel, mush dogs or just mush.”" "Reminiscences of the Iditarod Trail", Charles Lee Cadwallader.

Roadhouses and Dog Barns

With the rush, entrepreneurs quickly erected roadhouses and dog barns along the trail at a convenient day’s journey apart—about 20 miles—to shelter and feed trail users. Freight shippers, mail haulers and well-to-do passengers relied on dogsleds. Less wealthy foot-travelers used snowshoes, skis, and the occasional bicycle.

"“Meals were two dollars each, and blankets spread over wild hay on a pole bunk cost another two dollars. High prices for those days, but a cabin in the shadows of Mt. McKinley is a long way from civilization.”" "Nuggets and Beans", Harold Penkenpaugh.

By 1918 the stampede reversed itself. New winter mail contracts bypassed the fading town of Iditarod in favor of more direct routes to Nome, and World War I drew young miners and workers away from the gold fields.

Nome Serum Run Marks the Beginning of the End

In the winter of 1925, a deadly outbreak of diphtheria struck fear in the hearts of Nome residents. Winter ice had closed the port city from the outside world without enough serum to inoculate its residents. Serum from Anchorage was rushed by train to Nenana and picked up by a sled dog relay. Twenty of Alaska’s best mushers and their teams carried the serum 674 miles (1,078 km) from Nenana to Nome in less than 5½ days.

This was to be one of the final great feats by sled dogs. Within a decade, air transport replaced the sled dog team as the preferred way to ship mail. With downturns in gold mining, most of the roadhouses closed, boom towns emptied, and the Iditarod Trail fell into disuse.

A partnership effort re-opens the Iditarod Trail

"Trail work is never done." Joe Redington Sr., "father of the Iditarod"

Forest and tundra reclaimed the Iditarod Trail for almost a half a century until Alaskans, led by Joe Redington, Sr., reopened the routes. To draw attention to the role dogs played in Alaska’s history, Redington and his friends created an epic sled dog race from Anchorage to Nome following the route of the historic Iditarod Trail. The Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race ultimately revived dog mushing in Alaska and around the world. After years of effort by Redington and the Alaska Congressional delegation, the Iditarod was designated as a National Historic Trail in 1978.

First among America's National Trail system

National Historic Trails commemorate major routes of exploration, migration, trade, communications, and military actions that formed America. Across America, only 16 trails have been honored as National Historic Trails. [ [http://www.nps.gov/ncrc/programs/nts/ National Parks Service] ] The Iditarod is the only Alaskan trail in the National system, and the only Historic Trail celebrating the indispensable role played by 'man's best friend" in America's Last Great Gold Rush.

Recreation on the Trail today

One hundred years after its heyday, some variation of the entire Historic Iditarod Trail from Seward to Nome is still open to the public. You can explore the Historic Trail year-round on foot, by auto, or by rail between Seward and Knik, Alaska, especially in the Chugach National Forest on the Kenai Peninsula and Chugach State Park right outside of Anchorage.

Winter overland travel by snowmobile, ski or dogsled is still a great way to explore the remote northern sections of the Iditarod Trail. Many community museums along the Iditarod Trail display historic photography, equipment and artifacts that depict the toils and rewards of life on the historic trail.

For summer recreationists proficient in remote water travel, the rivers used by early gold seekers offer access to miles of sandbars, lonely hills, and bug-infested swamps. And every February and March, professional and recreational racers put their minds, muscles and machines to work in epic long-distance winter races that link Alaska's largest and smallest communities.

Management of the Historic Trail

Most of the historic Iditarod Trail is located on public lands managed by the State of Alaska or federal agencies (although some segments pass over private lands). No one entity manages the entire historic trail—management is guided by a cooperative plan adopted by state and federal agencies in the mid-1980s. The federal Bureau of Land Management coordinates cooperative management of the trailand is the primary point of contact for matters involving the entire trail. [ [http://www.blm.gov/ak Bureau of Land Management] ]

Every year local groups, community clubs and individuals contribute their personal time and money to maintain and improve the Iditarod Trail. The statewide non-profit Iditarod National Historic Trail Inc. helps protect and improve the trail and keep the "lore of the trail" alive. [ [http://www.iditarodnationalhistorictrail.org Iditarod National Historic Trail] ]

Iditarod race route

The Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race, named after the now-abandoned town of Iditarod, commemorates the last great goldrush in America to the Iditarod gold fields and the critical role that dogs played in the settlement and development of Alaska. It is a common myth that the Race commemorates the dogsled relay known as the 1925 "Serum Run" from Nenana to Nome. The Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race was first established by Joe Redington Sr. in the early 1970s to encourage the designation of the Iditarod Trail as a National Historic Trail, bring the dying tradition of dogsledding back to the villages of Alaska, and promote the sport of competitive dogsled racing.

Today the race follows much of the Primary Route of the Iditarod National Historic Trail, with a segment alternating north or south, depending on the year. (These segments are also part of the Iditarod National Historic Trail). Every 'odd' year (ie., 2007), the Race travels the south route from Ophir to Kaltag through the ghost town of Iditarod. On even years, the Race travels north from Ophir through Ruby and Galena to Kaltag. The 1925 Serum Run followed 500 miles (800 km) of trail (now designated as the Iditarod National Historic Trail system) between Ruby and Nome.

References

*BLM brochure: BLM/AK/GI-06/013+8353+042 Rev 07

External links

*"Recreation" [http://www.nps.gov/aplic Alaska Public Lands Information Center] – Anchorage
*"Trail Stewardship and History" [http://www.iditarodnationalhistorictrail.org Iditarod National Historic Trail Inc.]
*"Alaskan Museums With Historic Iditarod Trail Exhibits" [http://www.museumsalaska.org Museums Alaska]
*"Long-Distance Trail Events" - [http://www.irondog.org Tesoro Iron Dog]
* [http://www.serumrun.org Norman Vaughn Serum Run 25]
*http://www.alaskaultrasport.com Iditarod Invitational Marathon]
* [http://www.iditarod.com Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race]
*"Trail Management" [http://www.blm.gov/ak Iditarod National Historic Trail Administrator - Bureau of Land Management] - Anchorage Field Office
* [http://www.dnr.state.ak.us/pic Department of Natural Resources Public Information Center] - State of Alaska
* [http://www.fs.fed.us/r10/chugach/ Chugach National Forest]
* [http://alaska.fws.gov/nwr/innoko/iditarod.htm Innoko National Wildlife Refuge]