Pollaxe (Polearm)

The poleaxe is a type of European polearm which was widely used by medieval infantry. It is also known by the names pole-axe, pole axe, polax, and "Hache" (French meaning axe).

Etymology

Sometimes weapons such as the halberd, the bardiche or the Danish axe are mistakenly called pole axes as they are indeed axes mounted on poles, but many etymological authorities consider the "poll"- prefix historically unrelated to "pole", instead meaning "head." [The Oxford English Dictionary gives the following etymology, s.v. Poleaxe:: [ME. "pollax", "polax", Sc. "powax" = MDu. "polaex", "pollaex", MLG. and LG. "polexe", "pollexe" (whence MSw. 15th c. "polyxe", "pulyxe", MDa. "polöxe"), f. "pol", POLL n.1, Sc. "pow", MDu., MLG. "polle", "pol" head + AXE: cf. MDu. "polhamer" = poll-hammer, also a weapon of war. It does not appear whether the combination denoted an axe with a special kind of head, or one for cutting off or splitting the head of an enemy. In the 16th c. the word began to be written by some "pole-axe" (which after 1625 became the usual spelling), as if an axe upon a "pole" or long handle. This may have been connected with the rise of sense 2. Similarly, mod.Sw. "pålyxa" and Westphalian dial. "pålexe" have their first element = pole. Sense 3 may be a substitute for the earlier "bole-axe", which was applied to a butcher's axe.] ]

There are, however, etymologists, such as Eric Partridge who do believe that the word is derived from "pole". [For instance, Eric Partridge gives the following etymology::L "Palus", stake becomes OE "pal", whence ME "pol", "pole", E "Pole", the ME cpd "pollax", "polax" becomes "poleaxe", AE "poleaxe": cf AX (E)]

Types of poleaxe

The poleaxe design arose from the need to breach the plate armor of men at arms during the 14th and 15th centuries. Generally, the form consisted of a wooden some convert|4|-|6.5|ft|m long, mounted with a steel head. It seems most schools of combat suggested a haft length comparable to the height of the wielder, but in some cases hafts appear to have been created up to convert|8|ft|m in length.

The design of the head varied greatly with a variety of interchangeable parts and rivets. Generally, the head bore an axe or hammer upon the damaging 'face', with a spike, hammer, or fluke on the reverse. In addition, there was a projection from the top (often square in cross section) built somewhat like a dagger. The head was attached to the squared-off wooden pole by long flat strips of metal, which were riveted in place on either two or four of its sides, called langets. Also, a round hilt-like disc called a "rondelle" was placed just below the head. They also appear to have borne one or two rings along the poles length as places to prevent hands from slipping. Also of note is that the 'butt end' of the staff, which did not contain the weapon's 'head', bore a spike.

On quick glance, the poleaxe is often confused with the similar looking halberd. However, the 'axe blade' on a poleaxe seems to have been consistently smaller than that of a halberd. Furthermore, many halberds had their heads forged as a single piece, while the poleaxe was always modular in design.

Strictly speaking the flat back of the axe head is called a "poll". The war poleaxes of the Middle Ages have spikes on the back, a poll not being adequate for penetrating armour.

Popular usage

The poleaxe in that spelling, refers to an animal culling device of similar appearance. It was swung so the spike struck the animal, normally cattle, in the forehead. Hence also the phrase 'to be poleaxed' referring to being stunned. This term does not seem to appear before the 19th century.

ee also

*Bill (weapon)
*War hammer

External links

* [http://www.thearma.org/spotlight/lejeudelahache.htm "Le Jeu de la Hache"]
* [http://www.myarmoury.com/feature_spot_poleaxe.html Spotlight: The Medieval Poleaxe] (myArmoury.com article)

Notes

Literature

*Schulze, André(Hrsg.): "Mittelalterliche Kampfesweisen". Band 2: Kriegshammer, Schild und Kolben. - Mainz am Rhein. : Zabern, 2007. - ISBN 3-8053-3736-1