- Stockholm Convention
Stockholm Convention is an international legally binding agreement on persistent organic pollutants (POPs).
In 1995, the Governing Council of the United Nations Environment Programme (
UNEP ) called for global action to be taken on POPs, which it defined as “chemical substances that persist in the environment, bio-accumulate through the food web, and pose a risk of causing adverse effects to human health and the environment”.Following this, the Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety (IFCS) and the International Programme for Chemical Safety (IPCS) prepared an assessment of the 12 worst offenders. Known as the
Dirty Dozen , this list includes eight organo-chlorine pesticides:aldrin ,chlordane ,DDT ,dieldrin ,endrin ,heptachlor ,mirex andtoxaphene ; two industrial chemicals:hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and thepolychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) group; and two groups of industrial by-products: dioxins and furans.The negotiations for the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants were completed on May 23rd 2001 in Stockholm, Sweden. The convention entered into force on May 17th, 2004 with ratification by an initial 128 parties and 151 signatories. Co-signatories agree to outlaw nine of the "
dirty dozen " chemicals, limit the use of DDT tomalaria control, and curtail inadvertent production of dioxins and furans. Parties to the convention have agreed to a process by which persistent toxic compounds can be reviewed and added to the convention, if they meet certain criteria for persistence and transboundary threat.Although some critics have alleged that the treaty is responsible for the continuing death toll from malaria, in reality the treaty specifically permits the public health use of DDT for the control of
mosquito es (the malaria vector). [Curtis, C. F. (2002) Should the use of DDT be revived for malaria vector control? "Biomedica" 22, 455-61.] [World Health Organisation (2005) [http://www.who.int/malaria/docs/10thingsonDDT.pdf 10 Things You Need to Know about DDT Use under The Stockholm Convention] (PDF).] [Bouwman, H. (2003) [http://192.129.24.144/licensed_materials/0698/bibs/3003o/3003o0297.htm] POPs in southern Africa. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. Vol. 3O: Persistent Organic Pollutants. 297–320] From a developing country perspective, a lack of data and information about the sources, releases, and environmental levels of POPs, hampers negotiations on specific compounds, and indicates a strong need for research. [Bouwman, H. (2004)South Africa and the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. South African Journal of Science. Vol 100, Issue 7 & 8, Jul / Aug, Pages: p.323-328]Several other substances are being considered for inclusion in the Convention. These are: hexabromobiphenyl,
octaBDE ,pentaBDE , pentachlorobenzene, short-chained chlorinated paraffins,lindane , α- and β-hexachlorocyclohexane ,dicofol ,endosulfan ,chlordecone andPFOS . [UNECE : [http://www.pops.int/documents/meetings/poprc/docs/chem_review.htm Proposals for NEW POPs] ]External links
* [http://www.pops.int/ Official Stockholm Convention site]
References
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