- Macha
Macha (IPA|/ˈmaxə/) is a presumed
goddess of ancientIreland , associated with war, horses, sovereignty, and the sites ofArmagh andEmain Macha inCounty Armagh , which are named after her. A number of figures called Macha appear inIrish mythology , legend and historical tradition, all believed to derive from the same deity.Macha, daughter of Partholón
A poem in the "
Lebor Gabála Érenn " mentions Macha as one of the daughters ofPartholón , leader of the first settlement of Ireland after the flood, although it records nothing about her. ["Lebor Gabála Érenn " [http://www.maryjones.us/ctexts/lebor2.html §38] ]Macha, wife of Nemed
Various sources record a second Macha as the wife of
Nemed , leader of the second settlement of Ireland after the flood. She was the first of Nemed's people to die in Ireland - twelve years after their arrival according toGeoffrey Keating , [Geoffrey Keating , "Foras Feasa ar Éirinn" [http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100054/text017.html 1.7] ] twelve days after their arrival according to the "Annals of the Four Masters ". ["Annals of the Four Masters " [http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100005A/text002.html M2850] ] She is said to have given her name to "Ard Mhacha" - "Macha's high place", the city ofArmagh - where she was buried.Macha, daughter of Ernmas
Macha, daughter of
Ernmas , of theTuatha Dé Danann , appears in many early sources. She is often mentioned together with her sisters, theMorrígan and theBadb , and the three are often considered atriple goddess associated with war. [James MacKillop, "Dictionary of Celtic Mythology", Oxford University Press, 1998, pp. 281-282] "O'Mulconry's Glossary", a thirteenth century compilation ofgloss es from medieval manuscripts preserved in the "Yellow Book of Lecan ", describes Macha as "one of the three "morrígna" (the plural of "Morrígan"), and says the term "Mesrad Machae", "the mast [acorn crop] of Macha", refers to "the heads of men that have been slaughtered." A version of the same gloss in MS H.3.18 identifies Macha with the Badb, calls the trio "raven women" who instigate battle. [Angelique Gulermovich Epstein, "War Goddess: The Morrígan and her Germano-Celtic Counterparts", [http://snlemons.iweb.bsu.edu/docs/Celtic/Morrigan%20Thesis.ZIP electronic version (WinZip format)] , September 1998, pp. 49-52.] Keating explicitly calls them "goddesses", [Geoffrey Keating, "Foras Feasa ar Éirinn" [http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100054/text021.html 1.11] ] but medieval Irish tradition was keen to remove all trace of pre-Christian religion, so Macha is said to have been killed byBalor in the Second Battle of Mag Tuired. ["Lebor Gabála Érenn [http://www.maryjones.us/ctexts/lebor4.html §60, 62, 64] ; Whitley Stokes (ed & trans), " [http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T300011.html The Second Battle of Moytura] ", p. 101]Macha Mong Ruad
Macha Mong Ruad ("red mane"), daughter of
Áed Rúad , was, according to medieval legend and historical tradition, the only queen in theList of High Kings of Ireland . Her father rotated the kingship with his cousinsDíthorba andCimbáeth , seven years at a time. Áed died after his third stint as king, and when his turn came round again, Macha claimed the kingship. Díthorba and Cimbáeth refused to allow a woman to take the throne, and a battle ensued. Macha won, and Díthorba was killed. She won a second battle against Díthorba's sons, who fled into the wilderness ofConnacht , and married Cimbáeth, with whom she shared the kingship. She pursued Díthorba's sons alone, disguised as a leper, and overcame each of them in turn when they tried to have sex with her, tied them up, and carried the three of them bodily toUlster . The Ulstermen wanted to have them killed, but Macha instead enslaved them and forced them to build the stronghold ofEmain Macha (Navan Fort near Armagh), to be the capital of theUlaid , marking out its boundaries with her brooch (explaining the name "Emain Macha" as "eó-muin Macha" or "Macha's neck-brooch"). [Eugene O'Curry, "Lectures on the Manuscript Materials of Ancient Irish History", 1861, [http://www.google.co.uk/books?id=li02AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA527&vq=macha Appendix No. XXXVIII] ] Macha ruled together with Cimbáeth for seven years, until he died of plague at Emain Macha, and then a further fourteen years on her own, until she was killed byRechtaid Rígderg . [Geoffrey Keating, "Foras Feasa ar Éirinn" [http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100054/text037.html 1.27] - [http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100054/text038.html 1.28] ] ["Annals of the Four Masters" [http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100005A/text017.html M4532] - [http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100005A/text018.html 4546] ] The "Lebor Gabála" synchronises her reign to that ofPtolemy I Soter (323-283 BC). [R. A. Stewart Macalister (ed. & trans.), "Lebor Gabála Érenn: The Book of the Taking of Ireland Part V", Irish Texts Society, 1956, p. 263-267] The chronology of Keating's "Foras Feasa ar Éirinn" dates her reign to 468-461 BC, the "Annals of the Four Masters" to 661-654 BC.Marie-Louise Sjoestedt writes of this figure: "In the person of this second Macha we discover a new aspect of the local goddess, that of the warrior and dominator; and this is combined with the sexual aspect in a specific manner which reappears in other myths, the male partner or partners being dominated by the female."cite book | first = Marie-Louise | last = Sjoestedt | coauthors =(Translated by Myles Dillon) | title = Gods and Heroes of the Celts | edition = second | year = 1982 | publisher = Turtle Island Foundation | location = Berkeley, CA | page= pp.28-9 | id = ISBN 0-913666-52-1]
Macha, wife of Cruinniuc
Macha, daughter of Sainrith mac Imbaith, was the wife of
Cruinniuc , an Ulster farmer. After Cruinniuc's first wife died, she appeared at his house and, without speaking, began acting as his wife. As long as they were together Cruinniuc's wealth increased. When he went to a festival organised by the king of Ulster, she warned him that she would only stay with him so long as he did not mention her to anyone, and he promised to say nothing. However, during a chariot race, he boasted that his wife could run faster than the king's horses. The king heard, and demanded she be brought to put her husband's boast to the test. Despite being heavily pregnant, she raced the horses and beat them, giving birth to twins on the finish line. Thereafter the capital of Ulster was called "Emain Macha", or "Macha's twins". She cursed the men of Ulster to suffer her labour pains in the hour of their greatest need, which is why none of the Ulstermen but the semi-divine heroCúchulainn were able to fight in the "Táin Bó Cuailnge " (Cattle Raid of Cooley). [ [http://www.maryjones.us/ctexts/debility.html "The Debility of the Ulstermen"] ] This Macha is particularly associated with horses – it is perhaps significant that twin colts were born on the same day as Cúchulainn, and that one of his chariot-horses was calledLiath Macha or "Macha's Grey" - and she is often compared with the Welsh mythological figureRhiannon .Etymology
As part of its
lexicon ,Proto-Celtic is thought to have had a feminine word *"makajā" denoting ‘plain ,’ with agenitive singular *"makajās" ‘of theplain ’ [ [http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/institutes/sassi/spns/ProtoCelt.pdf Proto-Celtic lexicon] ] . The name Macha may be derived from either of these.References
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