- Voltumna
In
Etruscan mythology , Voltumna or Veltha [ [http://www.ancientworlds.net/aw/Article/643090 Pallottino, "The Religion of the Etruscans"] ] was thechthonic (earth) deity, who became ["A typical example of the process of the individualization and the transformation of a local earth spirit, pertaining to a territory of southern Etruria, into a superior divinity." (Pallottino).] the supreme god of the Etruscan pantheon, the "deus Etruriae princeps", according to Varro. [Varro, "De lingua Latina" V.46.] Voltumna's cult was centered in Volsini (modern-dayOrvieto ) a polis of the Etruscan Civilization of northwest Italy.The bond of the twelve Etruscan "populi" was renewed annually at the
sacred grove ofFanum Voltumnae , the sanctuary of Voltumnus sited near Volsinii (present day Bolsena), which was mentioned byLivy . [Livy, iv 23, 25 and 61; v 17, vi 2. ] At the Fanum Voltumnae "ludi" were held, the precise nature of which, whether athletic or artistic, is unknown.In the
Roman Forum , near theTemple of Castor and Pollux stood a shrine dedicated to Voltumna in theVicus Tuscus . [A. Alföldi, "Die Etrusker in Latium und Rom", "Gymnasium" 70 (1963), p 204.] He was the equivalent of the RomanVertumnus .Notes
ee also
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Tinia References
*Briquel, Dominique 2003 "Le Fanum Voltumnae: remarques sur le culte fédéral des cités étrusques", in "Dieux, fêtes, sacré dans la Grèce et la Rome antiques", edited by André Motte and Charles Ternes: 133-59. (Brepols, Turnhout). The last ten pages of this paper contain a highly technical discussion of the identity of the Etruscan god Voltumna in relation to the Latin gods Vertumnus and Janus.
*Fontana Elboj, Gonzalo, 1992. "Ager: estudio etimológico y functional sobre Marte y Voltumna" (University of Zaragoza) (Spanish) ISBN 84-600-8279-2
*Hederich, Benjamin. (1770) 1996. "Gründliches Mythologisches Lexikon" (Darmstadt) ISBN 3534130537
*Pliny 8, 20.
* [http://www.vollmer-mythologie.de/voltumna/ Vollmer,"Mythologie aller Völker", (Stuttgart) 1874] .
*L. Niebuhr, "Römische Geschichte" 2, 216.
*Wissowa, "Religion und Cultus des Römer", 243, 3.
*Müller-Deecke, "Die Etrusker", 1, 329 skk.
*Theodor Mommsen, "Römisches Staatsrecht", 3, 666
* [http://www.ancientworlds.net/aw/Article/643090 Pallottino, Massimo. "The Religion of the Etruscans"]
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