Andreas Everardus van Braam Houckgeest

Andreas Everardus van Braam Houckgeest (1 November 1739 in Werkhoven – 8 July 1801 in Amsterdam) Dutch-American merchant who is mostly known for his participation in the last Dutch embassy to China under the tributary system.

Early career

In 1757, van Braam joined the Dutch Navy as a midshipman, but soon left the navy for China in order to work for the Dutch East India Company (VOC). In 1758, van Braam arrived in China, and for the remaining eight years he was engage in trade in Guangzhou and Macau. During his sojourn in China, he left for Europe twice and married Catharina Cornelia Geertruida van Reede van Oudthoorn on his last visit.

In 1773, van Braam left China and the following year, he settled in a county-seat near Zutphen in the province of Gelderland. Inspired by the American Revolution, he decided to immigrate to the United States and settled in Charleston to work as a merchant and rice planter in 1783. He became a US citizen the following year. As a consequence of a family tragedy, van Braam decided to leave the US and take up a position as chief of the Dutch factory in Guangzhou. After a long journey, with stops in the Netherlands, Malacca and Batavia, he arrived in Guangzhou in 1790.

Embassy to China

Having learned about the British Macartney Embassy to the Qing court in 1793, he requested that the commissioners-general in Batavia send a VOC embassy to the court of the Qianlong Emperor for the celebration of his sixtieth year on the throne. Batavia accepted the suggestion, but appointed the chief of the Dutch trading mission in Dejima, Isaac Titsingh (1745-1812) as head of the Dutch embassy instead of van Braam. [van Braam Houckgeest, Andreas Everardus. (1797). "Voyage de l'ambassade de la Compagnie des Indes Orientales hollandaises vers l'empereur de la Chine, dans les années 1794 et 1795;" see also 1798 English translation: [http://ebook.lib.hku.hk/CTWE/B2962471X/ "An authentic account of the embassy of the Dutch East-India company, to the court of the emperor of China, in the years 1974 and 1795," Vol. I.] ] In November 1794, the embassy, which included van Braam and Chrétien-Louis-Joseph de Guignes (son of Joseph de Guignes) left Guangzhou and it arrived in Beijing in January 1795, just in time for Chinese new year.

In Bejing, the embassy was received together with representatives of other tributary countries and the members of the embassy performed the kowtow in front of the emperor according to Chinese custom. Unlike British diplomats, the members of the Dutch embassy did not refuse to perform the kowtow.

Van Braam had retained his US citizenship and thus became the first American to meet a Chinese emperor. The embassy was lavishly entertained for the remainder of their stay and they were allowed to have additional audiences with the Qianlong emperor at his palace outside Beijing. [van Braam, "An authentic account...," Vol. I (1798 English edition) pp. 283-284.]

The members of the Titsingh mission, including van Braam, were the last European diplomats to savour the mid-winter splendor of the vast Summer Palace (the "Yuangmingyuan") before its destruction by the Lord Elgin's troops during the punative Second Opium War in 1860.

Later life

Upon the embassy's return to Guangzhou in March 1795, van Braam was unable to find a ship bound for the Netherlands and chose to board a ship to Philadelphia, where he arrived in 1796. Van Braam's arrival in the city attracted a lot of attention and he published an account of his journey, which he dedicated to George Washington. Van Braam decided to stay in the area and settled in Bristol outside the city. In 1798, he decided to leave the United States for unknown reasons, and after short stays in Germany and England, he bought a small property in Amsterdam, where he died in July 1801.

Works

* van Braam Houckgeest, A.E. (1797). "Voyage de l'ambassade de la Compagnie des Indes Orientales hollandaises vers l'empereur de la Chine, dans les années 1794 et 1795." Philadelphia: M.L.E. Moreau de Saint-Méry.
* _______________. (1798). [http://ebook.lib.hku.hk/CTWE/B2962471X/ "An authentic account of the embassy of the Dutch East-India company, to the court of the emperor of China, in the years 1974 and 1795," Vol. I.] London : R. Phillips. [digitized by University of Hong Kong Libraries, [http://lib.hku.hk/database/ Digital Initiatives,] [http://xml.lib.hku.hk/gsdl/db/ctwe/search.shtml "China Through Western Eyes."] ]

Notes

References

* Asakawa, Kan'ichi. (1903). "The Early Institutional Life of Japan." Tokyo: Shueisha [New York: Paragon Book Reprint Corp., 1963] .
* Duyvendak, J. J. L. "The Last Dutch Embassy to the Chinese Court (1794-1795)." "T'oung pao" 34, no. 1-2 (1938): 1-137.
* de Guignes, Chrétien-Louis-Joseph (1808). "Voyage a Pékin, Manille et l'Ile de France." Paris.
* Rockhill, William Woodville. [http://www.jstor.org/pss/1833980 "Diplomatic Missions to the Court of China: The Kotow Question I,"] "The American Historical Review," Vol. 2, No. 3 (Apr., 1897), pp. 427-442.
* Rockhill, William Woodville. [http://www.jstor.org/pss/1833980 "Diplomatic Missions to the Court of China: The Kotow Question II,"] "The American Historical Review," Vol. 2, No. 4 (Jul., 1897), pp. 627-643.

ee also

*Foreign relations of Imperial China

External links

* [http://www.amusementparknostalgia.com/china.html On "China Hall," van Braam's mansion in Pennsylvania]
* [http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/collectie/aanwinsten%202003/collectie-van-braam-houckgeest?lang=en Chinese Objects from a Dutch Merchant]
* [http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/collectie/aanwinsten%202005/catharina-van-braam-houckgeest?lang=en Portrait of Catharina van Braam Houckgeest]