Lithuanian calendar

The Lithuanian calendar is unusual among Western countries in that neither the names of the months nor the names of the weekdays are derived from Greek or Norse mythology. They were formalized after Lithuania regained independence in 1918, based on historic names, and celebrate natural phenomena; three months are named for birds, two for trees, and the remainder for seasonal activities and features. The days of the week are simply ordinal numbers.

History

Ancient Baltic cosmological schemes have been found on burial urns dated from 600-200 BC. As with other Bronze Age cultures, there were megaliths associated with the summer and winter solstices; hill enclaves with solar calendars have been discovered at Birutė Mountain near Palanga, [ [http://ausis.gf.vu.lt/eka/eastr/sun7.html Lithuanian archeoastronomy] ] and at the Purmaliai mound near Klaipėda. A modern interpretation of the ancient solar calendar was created in 2002 at the Kretinga Manor Museum.

The Gediminas Sceptre, discovered in 1680, indicates that during his reign the year started in April and was divided into 12 months, varying in length from 29 to 31 days. Each month began with a new moon. The month names on this artifact are expressed in symbols, based on natural phenomena and agricultural cycles. [ [http://www.lithuanian.net/mitai/cosmos/baltai5.htm Cosmology of the ancient Balts] ]

The Julian calendar was used in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania; the Gregorian calendar was adopted by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1586, a few years after its promulgation in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII. In 1800, following Lithuania's annexation by the Russian Empire, the Julian calendar again became the norm, although a part of ethnic Lithuania left of Nemunas River (Suvalkija) retained the Gregorian calendar (see Aleksotas). [ [http://www.manoprograma.com/Adelaide%20Tunto%20Handbook/Lithuanian%20History.pdf Timeline of Lithuanian history] ] The Russian Revolution of 1917 re-instated the Gregorian calendar, which had been the Western European standard for over a century, in January 1918. These changes caused some confusion before their usage became familiar. [ [http://ausis.gf.vu.lt/eka/customs/calen.html Lithuanian calendar from the 13th to 20th centuries] ]

Names of the months

The standardization of month names was made difficult by the fact that publication in the Lithuanian language was illegal from 1866 to 1904 (see Knygnešiai) and some drift in the usages occurred.

Month names are not customarily capitalized in the Lithuanian language, reflecting their secular origins.

* Sausis (January) derives from the adjective "sausas", "dry". At this point in Lithuania's winter, precipitation is usually in the form of fine, dry snowflakes, and indoor humidity is very low. Its historic names included "ragas, didysis ragutis, siekis, sausinis", and "pusčius".

* Vasaris (February) derives from the noun "vasara", "summer". At this point, the days have begun to lengthen, there are occasional thaws, and thoughts and plans of summer reawaken. Its historic names were "ragutis, kovinis", and "pridėtinis".

* Kovas (March) may derive from either the noun "kovas", the rook, or the noun "kova", meaning struggle. Rooks increase their activity at this time, building their nests and mating. The alternate derivation refers to the struggle between winter and spring. It was formerly known as "morčius" and "karvelinis".

* Balandis (April) is derived from "balandis", the dove, which at this point has begun to coo, nest and mate. Earlier names included "žiedų, sultekis, gegužinis, karvelinis, biržėtas", and "Velykų".

* Gegužė (May) is derived from "gegužė", the cuckoo. Its call is felt to herald the final arrival of spring. Several folk beliefs are associated with this event. It was earlier known as "gegužinis", "sėtinis", "sėmenis", "žiedžius", "žiedų", "berželis", "sultekis", "milčius", and "mildinis".

* Birželis (June) is derived from "beržas", the birch, which flowers during this month. Birch branches are used as decorations during Pentecost. Its earlier names were "visjavis, jaunius, žienpjovys, sėmenis, kirmėlių, biržis, mėšlinis", and "pūdymo".

* Liepa (July) is derived from "liepa", the linden tree, which flowers during this month; the flowers pleasantly scent the air, are used to make herbal teas, and attract honeybees. Older names for the month were "liepinis", "liepžiedis", "plaukjavis", "plūkis", "šienpjūtis", and "šienpjūvis".

* Rugpjūtis (August) is derived from "rugiai", rye, and the verb "pjauti", to cut. This staple Lithuanian grain is harvested then; before mechanization, this was performed with sickles. It was also known as "degėsis", "paukštlėkis", and "pjūties".

* Rugsėjis (September) is also derived from "rugiai", with the suffix "sėti", to sow. The grain is sown at this time, germinates, and overwinters in the fields, resuming growth in the spring. Other names for this month were "rudenio", "vėsulinis", "paukštlėkis", "šilų", "rujos", "strazdinis", "rudugys", "viržių", "sėjos", "veselinis", and "vesulis".

* Spalis (October) is derived from "spaliai", flax hards. The plant was harvested at this time; it was and is used for fiber, food, and as a cash crop. The historic names for this month were "vėlinis", "spalinis", "lapkristys", "visagalis", and "septintinis".

* Lapkritis (November) is derived from "lapas", leaf, and "kristi", to fall. Its older names include "vėlių", "vėlius", "spalinis", "lapkrėstys", "lapkristys", "grodis", "gruodinis", and "vilkų".

* Gruodis (December) is derived from the noun "gruodas", which has no direct English equivalent; it may be described as "a frozen clod". Its older names include "sausinis, vilkinis, vilkų", and "Kalėdų".

Trivia

Some of the names are the same as those in the Polish calendar, where July ("Lipiec") is also named for the linden, and December ("Grudzień") also means, roughly, "frozen clod" (August, October and November also have semantically identical meanings although the words themselves are not cognate).

Days of the week

The days of the week are named in sequence, beginning with Monday. They are "pirmadienis" ("first day"), "antradienis", "trečiadienis", "ketvirtadienis", "penktadienis", "šeštadienis", and "sekmadienis". They are not ordinarily capitalized.

ee also

*History of Lithuania
*Symbols of Lithuania
*Archaeoastronomy

Footnotes

References

* [http://lietuviu-bendruomene.org/educat/tradicijos/months.html Months in the Lithuanian calendar]
* [http://culture.polishsite.us/articles/art331fr.htm Months in Polish calendar - Origin and Meaning]

External links

* [http://lietuviu-bendruomene.org/educat/tradicijos/months.html The Lithuanian months]
* [http://www.muziejai.lt/Prienai/kalendoriu_muziejus.en.htm Calendar exposition at a Lithuanian museum]
* [http://www.qedata.se/bilder/gallerier/litauiskt-galleri/kretinga-kalender/kalender-mot-pelaren.jpgPhotos of a modern solar calendar in Kretinga]
* [http://vydija.puslapiai.lt/kalendorius/ The Lithuanian calendar]