The Humorous Courtier

"The Humorous Courtier," also called "The Duke," is a Caroline era stage play, a comedy written by James Shirley, first published in 1640.

"The Humorous Courtier" was licensed for performance by Sir Henry Herbert, the Master of the Revels, on May 17, 1631, under the title "The Duke." [Arthur Huntington Nason, "James Shirley, Dramatist: A Biographical and Critical Study," New York, 1915; reprinted New York, Benjamin Blom, 1967; p. 102. Robert Stanley Forsythe, "The Relations of Shirley's Plays to the Elizabethan Drama," New York, Columbia University Press, 1914; p. 279. Both Nason and Forsythe sensibly reject F. G. Fleay's argument that another title, "The Conceited Duke," is the same play, since the Duke in Shirley's play isn't conceited.] Like most of Shirley's plays, it was acted by Queen Henrietta's Men at the Cockpit Theatre. As "The Humorous Courtier," the play was entered into the Stationers' Register on July 29, 1639. The 1640 quarto, printed by Thomas Cotes for the bookseller William Cooke, contains an interesting bibliogaphic feature in its prefatory material: a catalogue of 20 plays by Shirley published to that date. [David Moore Bergeron, "Textual Patronage in English Drama, 1570–1640," London, Ashgate, 2006; p. 207.] Such catalogues were only then coming into existence. (Since Cooke had already published a number of Shirley's plays, this promotional catalogue served his own interest.)

As its title indicates, the play is a "humors" comedy. That sub-genre was initiated by George Chapman with his "An Humorous Day's Mirth" (1597), but is most strongly associated with Ben Jonson, whose plays "Every Man in His Humour" and "Every Man Out of His Humour" defined the form. Later writers also worked in the humors vein, as John Fletcher did in his tragicomedy "The Humorous Lieutenant" (c. 1619). As the Duchess of Mantua says of her courtiers, "They are mad humours, and I must physic them."

ynopsis

The Duke of Parma, Foscari, has been plying his marriage suit to the Duchess of Mantua — but he suddenly disappears from her court. The Duchess announces that she intends to select a husband from her own courtiers. Egged on by her new favorite Giotto and her lady in waiting Laura, each lord flatters himself that he is the favored candidate. Depazzi practices his eloquence with rehearsed speeches, while Volterre prides himself on his command of foreign languages. Contarini, a married man, actually tries to convince his wife to kill herself to leave him single again; when she naturally declines, he attempts to bribe Giotto into committing adultery with her so that a divorce can result. The misogynistic Orseolo portrays himself as a great lover; the elderly Comachio joins his compatriots in making a fool of himself. In the end, the Duchess gently mocks and reproves her eccentric courtiers, and announces that she will marry Giotto — who turns out to be the Duke of Parma in disguise.

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