Venus Genetrix (sculpture)

The sculptural type of Venus Genetrix shows Venus and is named after Venus's epithet Genetrix (mother). Through historical chance, a Roman designation is applied to a Greek iconological type of Aphrodite.

Original

In 420 - 410 BC the Athenian sculptor Callimachus created a bronze sculpture of Aphrodite (now lost), which, according to Pliny's Natural History ["Historia Nat." xxxv.156.] showing her dressed in a light but clinging chiton or peplos (which was lowered on the left shoulder to reveal her left breast, hanging down in a sheer face and decoratively carved so as not to hide the outlines of the woman's body), and holding the apple won in the Judgement of Paris in her left hand, whilst her right hand is moving to cover her head. The composition was frontal, [Many of the replicas are only roughly finished at the back.] the body's form monumental, and its proportions are close to the Polyclitean canon. From the lost bronze original are derived all surviving copies.

Caesar's Venus Genetrix

In 46 BC, a statue of Venus Genetrix was made by one Arcesilas, and set up by Julius Caesar in his new forum, probably in the cella of his temple of Venus Genetrix. [Noted in Pliny's " [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/35*.html#156 Natural History XXXV.156] " and XXXV.45, who credits Varro as his source for the information (cf. [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/47*.html#18.4 Cass. Dio XLVII.18.4] ); see Roger B. Ulrich, "Julius Caesar and the Creation of the Forum Iulium" "American Journal of Archaeology" 97.1 (January 1993, pp. 49-80), p 66-71. See also Weickert in "Festschrift für P. Arndt", 54‑61, for the type as represented on a relief in the Villa Borghese (Reinach, "Répertoire" iii.171.1), which he assigns to the period before 46 BC; and cf. Cornelia G. Harcum, "A Statue of the Type Called the Venus Genetrix in the Royal Ontario Museum" "American Journal of Archaeology" 31.2 (1927) pp 141‑152.] This now-lost statue, or Sabina in the same pose, is represented on the reverse of a denarius ("illustration, left"), above the legend VENERI GENETRICI [ [http://etd.fcla.edu/UF/UFE0004865/muich_r.pdf The Worship of Roman divae: the Julio-Claudians to the Antonines by R.M.Muich, p64] ] , with Sabina on the obverse. The iconological type of the statue, of which there are numerous Roman marble copies and bronze reductions at every level of skill, was identified as "Venus Genetrix" (Venus Universal Mother) by Ennio Quirino Visconti in his catalogue of the papal collections, "Museo Pio-Clementina", by comparison with this denarius. "From the inscription on the coins, from the similarity between the figure on the coins and the statue in the Louvre [the Venus of Frejus] , and from the fact that Arkesilaos established the type of Venus Genetrix as patron goddess of Rome, and ancestress of the Julian race, the identification was a very natural one." [Cornelia G. Harcum, "A Statue of the Type Called the Venus Genetrix in the Royal Ontario Museum" "American Journal of Archaeology" 31.2 (April 1927, pp. 141-152) p 144. ] A "Venus Genetrix" in the Museo Pio-Clementina has been completed with a Roman portrait head of Sabina, on this basis. [ [http://www.aeria.phil.uni-erlangen.de/photo_html/plastik/weiblich/stehend/bekleidet/aphrodite/genetrix/genet13.html Image of this statue] ]

Other copies

A number of the Roman examples are in major collections, including the Centrale Montemartini [http://wings.buffalo.edu/AandL/Maecenas/rome/acea/ac990634.html] (discovered in the Gardens of Maecenas), Detroit Institute of Arts [http://www.dia.org/collections/ancient/greece/74.53.html] , Metropolitan Museum of Art [http://www.stoa.org/gallery/album224/P1010115] , the Royal Ontario Museum [http://www.flickr.com/photos/maiac/162685222/] , the J. Paul Getty Museum [http://www.getty.edu/art/collections/objects/o35447.html] , the Louvre Museum, the Hermitage Museum, and the Barakat Gallery [http://www.barakatgallery.com/Store/Index.cfm/FuseAction/ItemDetails/UserID/0/ItemID/21689.htm] .

Aphrodite of Fréjus

A 1.64m high Roman statue, dating from the end of the 1st century BC to the start of the 1st century AD, in Parian marble, was discovered at Fréjus (Forum Julii) in 1650. It is considered as the best Roman copy of the lost Greek work.

The neck, the left hand, the fingers of the right hand, the plinth, and many parts of the drape are modern restorations. It was present in the palace of the Tuileries in 1678, and was transported from there to the park of Versailles about 1685. It was seized on the Revolution, and has thus been in the Louvre since 1803, as Inventaire MR 367 (n° usuel Ma 525). The statue was restored in 1999 thanks to the patronage of F. Marc of Lacharrière (Fimalac).

Hermitage Museum

Another Roman copy of the statue, which is 2.14m high, was in the collection of Giampietro Campana, marchese di Cavelli, Villa Campana, Rome, from which it was acquired for the Hermitage in 1861, following Campana's disgrace.

The head does not belong to this statue, which must originally have had a portrait head. In Rome an ideal figure of a divinity might often be adapted slightly (here, for instance the chiton covers the breast) and given a separately made portrait head. Evidence that this was the case here can be seen in the locks of hair falling onto the shoulders. These are also seen in posthumous portraits of Agrippina the Elder, which enables us to date this statue to the second quarter of the first century AD.

Notes

External links

General

* [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=1540-5079(188706)3%3A1%2F2%3C1%3APAATVG%3E2.0.CO%3B2-M Charles Waldstein, 'Pasiteles and Arkesilaos, the Venus Genetrix and the Venus of the Esquiline', The American Journal of Archaeology and of the History of the Fine Arts, Vol. 3, No. 1/2 (Jun., 1887), pp. 1-13]
* [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-9114(192704%2F06)31%3A2%3C141%3AASOTTC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-W Cornelia G. Harcum, 'A Statue of the Type Called the Venus Genetrix in the Royal Ontario Museum', American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 31, No. 2 (Apr. - Jun., 1927), pp. 141-152]
* [http://www.aeria.phil.uni-erlangen.de/photo_html/plastik/weiblich/stehend/bekleidet/aphrodite/genetrix/genetrix.html List of copies, with images]

Aphrodite of Frejus

* [http://www.theoi.com/Gallery/S10.1.html Theoi]
* [http://www.theoi.com/Gallery/S10.1B.html Theoi]
* [http://cartelen.louvre.fr/cartelen/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=855 Main copy (Louvre catalogue)]
* [http://cartelen.louvre.fr/cartelen/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=8399 A terracotta reduction, from Myrina (also at the Louvre)]
* [http://www.kzu.ch/fach/as/gallerie/myth/goetter/aphrodite/aphr10.htm KZU]

Hermitage

* [http://www.theoi.com/Gallery/S10.7.html Theoi]
* [http://www.hermitagemuseum.org/fcgi-bin/db2www/descrPage.mac/descrPage?selLang=English&indexClass=SCULPTURE_EN&Query_Exp=%28WOA_TYPE+%3D%3D+%22Freestanding+Sculpture%22%29+AND+%28WOA_CNTR_ORG+%3D%3D+%22Ancient+Rome%22%29&PID=A-371&numView=1&ID_NUM=88&thumbFile=%2Ftmplobs%2FC228U17FYAS9Y6246.jpg&embViewVer=last&comeFrom=browse&check=false&sorting=WOA_AUTHOR%5EWOA_NAME&thumbId=6&numResults=113&author= Hermitage site]