- Flora and fauna of Guantánamo Bay
The flora and fauna of
Guantánamo Bay is diverse.Trees and shrubs
In Cuba, of the
tree s native toGuantánamo Bay , only theCuban mahogany is of significant size. A number of these trees still stand on the Navy base, although many have been cut for theirwood .Other native trees are relatively small and of no value as
timber although thelignum vitae is cherished for the manufacture of small wooden articles. The most numerous of the small unidentified trees are characterized by multitudinous thin branches, scantily leaved. Except in sheltered areas the tips of the branches are bare and white, denuded by thetrade winds which lash the Base from January to April. Trees on hillsides adjacent to the sea have a permanent landward tilt to their tops.Along the
beach es,sea grape trees are numerous. These trees never grow to a great height. They have almost circular leaves and grape-like bunches of berries from which jelly can be made. Edging theinlet s of the Bay and bordering theGuantánamo River for several miles from its mouth are mangrove trees which, in places, form almost impenetrable "jungle ".Many trees native to
Cuba and other West Indian islands have been transplanted to the Base and have prospered by dint of generous watering. These include the stately and beautiful Royal Palm, coconut palms, anddinner palm s. A smallthatch palm native to the Base adds a picturesque touch.Cacti: The Royal Poinciana, named for M. de Poinciana, a former governor of the
French West Indies has been widely planted. In May and June the bare branches of the tree become a mass of flame-coloredblossom s. The Cubans call this tree Flamboyan (Flamboyant).Exotic tropical
fruit s thrive on the Base, particularly several varieties ofmango es. Esteemed by many, mangoes cause some individuals to break out in a painful rash which may require hospital care.Avocado ,papaya ,banana , orange, andgrapefruit trees offer fruits to suit anytaste .Sweet-sop s (a kind of sugar apple),soursop s,guava s, andpomegranate s grow on the Base but are not as important to residents as the limes which also grow at Guantánamo and are so refreshing in coolingdrink s.Flowering
shrub s which in their season paint the surroundings of the quarters in vivid colors include white and pinkoleander , redpoinsettia , several varieties ofhibiscus , andbougainvillea in colors ranging from rich purple to deep crimson. A shrub with leaves almost as colorful as flowers is the croton, widely planted on the base in a variety of colors. Nightbloomingjasmine ,frangipani , and a species ofgardenia give the air a special fragrance. Following the rainy season a small ground vine covers the lawns with a primrose-like yellow flower which later forms a prickly seed.The most prevalent forms of plant life on the Base are the many varieties of
cacti which flourish in all uncultivated areas.Birds
The Base is rich in
bird life. Along with the familiarmocking bird ,sparrow ,grackle , andmourning dove live strange and beautiful Cuban birds. One of these is theCuban Tody , a gorgeous jewel no bigger than one's thumb, with a bright green back, orange bill, and geranium-red throat above a white waistcoat. By contrast theCuban Emerald hummingbird which is common at Guantánamo seems a very drab fellow. TheCuban Grassquit , often misnamed wildcanary , is abundant.Other birds common to the Base include the
Western Red-Legged Thrush ,Greater Antillean Oriole ,Stolid Flycatcher ,Belted Kingfisher ,Cuban Woodpecker , andWest Indian Red-Bellied Woodpecker . One bird nearly always evident is theTurkey Vulture . Others are the CubanBlackbird ,Red-winged Blackbird , and theTawny-shouldered Blackbird ; theAmerican Redstart , thePalm Warbler and theBlack and White Warbler .Feathered oddities include the Cuban
Lizard Cuckoo , a big, awkward brown bird with a strange guttural voice, and theSmooth-billed Ani , a black bird with an extraordinary high-ridged bill.The little Cuban
Pygmy Owl , which hunts by day as well as night, and theBarn Owl are also found on the Base. Another bird of prey is the Sparrow Hawk.In addition to the
Mourning Dove , there areWhite-winged Dove s andTurtle Dove s in abundance. During June and July,White-crowned Pigeon s flock to the mangrove islands in the Bay to nest and raise their young.The
Brown Pelican ,Anhinga ,Magnificent Frigatebird , and several species ofgull s andtern s are common at Guantánamo Bay, seen elsewhere chiefly through the pages of "Birds of the West Indies ,"by James Bond, a volume which is in great demand at the Base Library.Canadian Geese are known to migrate there between December and February.Other wildlife
Other wildlife includes a small species of white-tail
deer , similar in size and appearance to theFlorida deer , and a large tree-dwelling nativerodent called thejutia (pronounced hoo-tee-ah). With brown fur, and about the size of anopossum , the jutia has the 'possum's long bare tail, but aside from that feature more nearly resembles thewoodchuck . American residents refer to the jutia as "Banana Rats." The jutia is eaten and esteemed as a delicacy by many Cubans.A species of boa constrictor, the Maja, reaches a length of ten feet or more and a number have been killed on the Base. The maja is non-poisonous, and apparently harmless to man, as are the other smaller snakes found on the Base. Cuba has no poisonous snakes. Bites from these boas are uncommon, but the same cannot be said of
mosquito es and sand flies, which at certain seasons make outdoor life after sundown miserable.It would seem reasonable to suppose that
fishing would be good at Guantánamo Bay, the vast expanse of the Bay itself, theGuantánamo river , and theCaribbean Sea offering unlimited opportunities for the angler.Unfortunately, the
fishing is not exceptional. One of the contributing factors to its mediocrity is the offshore shelf, which is so precipitous that the shallows and reefs so desirable for good fishing are notably absent.Despite the adverse factors mentioned, there is a great variety of fish in local waters, and persistent anglers make many worthwhile catches.
Sea turtle Most common game fish include theGreat Barracuda ,Tarpon ,Kingfish , Jack,Snook , and several kinds ofSnapper s andGrouper s. Snappers weighing more than 80 pounds (36 kg) have been landed at the mouth of the Guantánamo River, a favorite spot for Snapper fishing.Wahoo ,Cobia ,Pompano ,Arctic Bonito ,Falso Albacore , and even a fewSailfish have been caught in waters adjacent to the Base.Several kinds of
Shark s, including the Hammerhead, frequent the Bay and adjacent waters, as do several species of rays. Smaller fish include themangrove snapper ,trigger fish ,parrot fish , angel fish,bonefish , and many others.Langosta Porpoise are common in the Bay, andManatee s (sea cow s) have been seen in the upper reaches of the river. Sea Turtles are often observed at the surface of the water not far from shore, and many are captured as they come ashore at night at the beaches to lay their eggs.The "Langosta", a
spiny lobster , is abundant in the Bay, and fishing for langostas is a favorite sport.Alligator s are sometimes sighted in the river and in the mangrove labyrinths of the upper Bay, but they are undoubtedly not so common now as in the days when they gave the town ofCaimanera, Cuba its name.
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