Functionally classified barn

A functionally classified barn is a barn whose style is best classified by its function. Barns which do not fall into one of the broader categories of barn styles, such as English barns or crib barns, can best be classified by some combination of two factors, region and usage. Examples of barns classified by function occur worldwide and include, apple barn, rice barn, potato barn, hop barn, tobacco barn, cattle barn (pole barn), and the tractor barn. In addition, some barns incorporate their region into their style classification, examples would include the Wisconsin dairy barn, Pennsylvania bank barn or the Midwest feeder barn.Hubka, Thomas C. [http://www.nbm.org/blueprints/90s/spring94/page2/page2.htm The Americanization of the Barn] , "Blueprints Magazine", Spring 1994, National Building Museum. Retrieved 10 February 2007.]

Classifications

Tobacco barns

Tobacco barns were once an essential ingredient in the process of air curing tobacco. In the 21st century they are fast disappearing from the American landscape in places where they were once ubiquitous. U.S. States, such as Maryland, have sponsored programs which discourage the cultivation of tobacco. In 2001 Maryland's state sponsored program offered cash payments as buyouts to tobacco farmers. A majority of the farmers took the buyout and hundreds of historic tobacco barns were rendered instantly obsolete. [http://www.nationaltrust.org/11Most/list.asp?i=162 Tobacco Barns of Southern Maryland] , 11 Most Endangered Places, National Trust for Historic Preservation [http://www.nationaltrust.org/] . Retrieved 10 February 2007.] As tobacco barns disappear farmer have been forced to change their methods for curing the crop. In Kentucky, instead of curing tobacco attached to laths in vented tobacco barns as they once did, farmers are increasingly curing tobacco on "scaffolds" in the fields.Stull, Donald D. [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3800/is_200007/ai_n8898608 Tobacco barns and chicken houses: Agricultural transformation in western Kentucky] , "Human Organization", Summer 2000. (via Find Articles). Retrieved 10 February 2007.]

Design

Design elements which were common to American tobacco barns include: gabled roofs, frame construction, and some system of ventilation. The venting can appear in different incarnations but commonly hinges would be attached to some of the cladding boards, so that they could be opened. Often the venting system would be more elaborate, including a roof ventilation system. The interior would have its framing set up in bents about ten to fifteen feet apart so that laths with tobacco attached to them could be hung for drying. There is no one design that typifies tobacco barns but they share some common elements not seen in other barns. However, tobacco barns do cross over into other barn styles of their day. Some common types of barn designs integrated into tobacco barns include, English barns and bank barns. [http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/bhp/Agricultural/Context/FieldGuide/tobaccobarn.asp Tobacco Barn] , "Architecture and Landscapes of Agriculture: A Field Guide ", Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission. Retrieved 10 February 2007.]

Hop barns

, for instance.

Design

The design of hop houses changed significantly over time, as did the area hops were grown in. In New York, for instance, early hop barns were low with some ventilation. Later hop barns evolved into taller, more narrow buildings, often topped with a cupola over the drying kiln area. Later in the history of New York hops production, with farmers focused on more efficient means of production, pyramid shaped barns were built, eventually evolving into multi-pyramid hop barns.

Pole barns

A pole barn or a cattle barn in North America is a barn that is essentially a roof extended over a series of poles. They are generally rectangular and lack exterior walls. The roof is supported by the poles which make up the outside barrier of the barn.Groover, Gordon. [http://www.ext.vt.edu/news/periodicals/fmu/2003-10/haystorage.html Hay Storage Alternatives - Barns] , "Farm Business Management Update", October - November 2003, Virginia Tech University [http://www.vt.edu/] , Cooperative Extension [http://www.ext.vt.edu/] . Retrieved 10 February 2007.] The roof can be gabled or hooped. Pole barns are most often used for hay storage or livestock shelter. The advantages of pole barns include their low cost and their ability to store large quantities of hay in areas easily accessible by vehicles, machines and people.Marek, Jennifer. [http://www.emporia.edu/cgps/tales/o95tales.htm Barns] , Center for Great Plains Study [http://www.emporia.edu/cgps/] , Emporia State University [http://www.emporia.edu/] . Retrieved 10 February 2007.] This type of barn is very common in modern agriculture.

In the United Kingdom a pole barn refers to a type of Dutch barn.

Design

The design of most pole barns is simple. Poles make up the outer walls and support the roof, usually light, of metal or canvas. Depending on the function of the barn there can be slight differences in style. For instance, a barn used for storing hay may lack any kind of lower exterior wall while a pole barn used to house livestock would have some form of wall meeting the roof.Photographs of pole barns. Various websites. See: [http://www.coverall.net/images/agriculture/cattle_barns/calf012.jpg] , [http://www.corpan.com/Pictures/freestall136.jpg] , [http://www.straightwallsteelbldgs.com/images/agricultural_steel_buildings/large_metal_facilities/metal_pole_barns.jpg] , [http://www.ext.vt.edu/news/periodicals/fmu/2003-10/figure1a.jpg] , [http://www.usbuildingsdirect.com/steel-buildings/hay-storage.jpg] . All Retrieved 10 February 2007.]

Rice barns

Rice barns are used ubiquitously in the rice cultivating world for the storage and drying of harvested rice. They are prevalent in many Southeast Asian nations, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand and Indonesia among them. In North America rice barns were especially common in the U.S. state of South Carolina.Auer, Michael J. [http://www.cr.nps.gov/hps/tps/briefs/brief20.htm The Preservation of Historic Barns] , Preservation Briefs, National Park Service, first published October 1989. Retrieved 8 February 2007.]

Design

Rice barn design varies greatly from region to region and, especially, nation to nation. South Carolinian rice barns were often clad in cypress shingles. [http://www.nationalregister.sc.gov/MPS/MPS031.pdf Georgetown County Rice Culture c. 1750 - c. 1910] , National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation Form, South Carolina Department of Archives and History [http://www.nationalregister.sc.gov/georgetown/S10817722031/index.htm] . Retrieved 8 February 2007.] In Asia a common barn design is a four pole, open-walled building; a structure that does not resemble the classical image of a barn in any way. [http://www.batusura.de/lumbung.htm The Rice Barn - Alang, Lumbung] , Photos of Toraja Communities [http://www.batusura.de/] . Retrieved 8 February 2007.]

ignificance

United States

Barn design, overall, bears architectural, cultural and historical significance, as well as some anthropological and sociological significance. Barn design speaks to two distinct parameters in agricultural history, one being climate and the other being occupation. Different types of barns tell much about what inhabitants of the past cultivated and in what type of climate they did it in. In the United States climate allows regional barn variation to easily be divided along a north/south axis. Design divided along these lines speaks to how farmers responded to the severity of the winter. In the north, where cold, harsh winters are common, buildings were more extensive and spacious, to house animals, crops and vehicles. South and west, in the U.S., where the weather tends to be more mild, barn design focused on smaller more specialized structures such as tobacco barns. It is regional differences in North American climate that produced the major differences in northern and southern American barns.

After climatology the biggest factor in barn design is function. All over the United States barn designs, such as those discussed above, were developed based upon the individual needs of specific crops or livestock.

ee also

* Oast house

References