- Pelusium
Pelusium was a city in the eastern extremes of
Egypt 'sNile Delta , 30 km to the southeast of the modernPort Said . Alternative names include Sena and Per-Amun (Egyptian, Coptic: Coptic|Ⲡⲉⲣⲉⲙⲟⲩⲛ "Paramoun" meaning House or Temple ofAmun ), Pelousion (Greek, polytonic|Πηλούσιον), Sin (Chaldaic and Hebrew), Seyân (Aramaic), and Tell el-Farama (modernEgyptian Arabic ). Pelusium was the easternmost major city ofLower Egypt , situated upon the easternmost bank of theNile , the "Ostium Pelusiacum", to which it gave its name. It was the "Sin" of theOld Testament (Ezekiel xxx. 15); and this word, as well as its Egyptian appellation, Peremoun or Peromi, and its Greek (polytonic|πήλος) connote a city of the ooze or mud ("cf." omi, Coptic, "mud"). Pelusium lay between the seaboard and the Deltaic marshes of the Delta, about two and a half miles from the sea. The Ostium Pelusiacum was choked by sand as early as the first century BC, and the coast-line has now advanced far beyond its ancient limits, so that the city, even in the third century AD, was at least four miles from theMediterranean .The principal produce of the neighbouring lands was
flax , and the "linum Pelusiacum" (Pliny's Natural History xix. 1. s. 3) was both abundant and of a very fine quality. It was, however, as a border-fortress on the frontier, as the key of Egypt as regardedSyria and the sea, and as a place of great strength, that Pelusium was most remarkable. From its position it was directly exposed to attack by the invaders of Egypt; several important battles were fought under its walls, and it was often besieged and taken.History
The following are the most memorable events in the history of Pelusium:
*Sennacherib , king ofAssyria , 720-715 BC , in the reign ofSethos the Aethiopian (25th dynasty ) advanced fromPalestine upon Pelusium, but retired without fighting from before its walls (Isaiah, xxxi. 8;Herodotus ii. 141 ;Strabo xiii. p. 604). His retreat was ascribed to the favor ofHephaestos towards Sethos, his priest. In the night, while the Assyrians slept, a host of field-mice gnawed the bow-strings and shield-straps of the Assyrians, who fled, and many of them were slain in their flight by theEgyptians . Herodotus saw in the temple of Hephaestos at Memphis, a record of this victory of the Egyptians, "viz." a statue of Sethos holding a mouse in his hand. The story probably rests on the fact that in the symbolism of Egypt the mouse implied destruction. (Compare Horapolis "Hieroglyph." i. 50;Claudius Aelianus , "De Natura Animalium" vi. 41.)
* The decisive battle which transferred the throne of thePharaoh s toCambyses II of Persia , king of thePersians , was fought near Pelusium in525 BC . The fields around were strewn with the bones of the combatants when Herodotus visited, who noted that the skulls of the Egyptians were distinguishable from those of the Persians by their superior hardness, a fact confirmed he said by the mummies, and which he ascribed to the Egyptians' shaving their heads from infancy, and to the Persians covering them up with folds of cloth or linen. (Herodotus ii. 10, seq.); however, according to legend, Pelusium fell without a fight, by the simple expedient of having the invading army drive cats (sacred to the local goddess Bast) before them. As Cambyses advanced at once to Memphis, Pelusium probably surrendered itself immediately after the battle. (Polyaen. "Stratag." vii. 9.)
* In373 BC ,Pharnabazus , satrap ofPhrygia , andIphicrates , the commander of the Athenian armament, appeared before Pelusium, but retired without attacking it,Nectanebo I , king of Egypt, having added to its former defences by laying the neighboring lands under water, and blocking up the navigable channels of the Nile by embankments. (Diodorus Siculus xv. 42;Nepos , "Iphicr." c. 5.)
* Pelusium was attacked and taken by the Persians,369 BC . The city contained at the time a garrison of 5000 Greek mercenaries under the command ofPhilophron . At first, owing to the rashness of the Thebans in the Persian service, the defenders had the advantage. But the Egyptian kingNectanebo II hastily venturing on a pitched battle, his troops were cut to pieces, and Pelusium surrendered to the Theban generalLacrates on honorable conditions. (Diodorus Siculus xvi. 43.)
* In333 BC , Pelusium opened its gates toAlexander the Great , who placed a garrison in it under the command of one of those officers entitled Companions of the King. (Arrian , "Exp. Alex." iii. 1, seq.; Quintus Curtius iv. 33.)
* In173 BC ,Antiochus Epiphanes utterly defeated the troops ofPtolemy Philometor under the walls of Pelusium, which he took and retained after he had retired from the rest of Egypt. (Polybius "Legat." § 82; Hieronym. "in Daniel." xi.) On the fall of the Syrian kingdom, however, if not earlier, Pelusium had been restored to thePtolemies .
* In55 BC , again belonging to Egypt,Mark Antony , as cavalry general to the Roman proconsulGabinius , defeated the Egyptian army, and made himself master of the city.Ptolemy Auletes , in whose behalf the Romans invaded Egypt at this time, wished to put the Pelusians to the sword; but his intention was thwarted by Mark Anthony. (Plut. "Anton." c. 3; Valerius Max. ix. 1.)
* In48 BC ,Pompey is murdered in Pelusium.
* In31 BC , immediately after his victory at Actium,Augustus appeared before Pelusium, and was admitted by its governor Seleucus within its walls.
* In 501 AD, Pelusium suffered greatly from the Persian invasion of Egypt (Eutychius , Annal.).
* In618 , Pelusium offered a protracted, though, in the end, an ineffectual resistance to the arms ofAmr ibn al-As . As on former occasions, the surrender of the key of the Delta, was nearly equivalent to the subjugation of Egypt itself.
* In ca.870 , Pelusium is mentioned as a major port in the trade network of theRadhanite merchants.
* In1117 ,Baldwin I of Jerusalem razes the city to the ground, but dies shortly afterwards of food poisoning after eating a plateful of the local fish.The khalifs who ruled Pelusium following
the Crusades , however, neglected the harbors generally, and from this epoch Pelusium, which had been long on the decline, now almost disappears from history.Roman military roads
Of the six military roads formed or adopted by the Romans in Egypt, the following are mentioned in the Itinerarium of Antoninus as connected with Pelusium:
* From Memphis to Pelusium. This road joined the great road fromPselcis inNubia at Babylon, nearly opposite Memphis, and coincided with it as far asScenae Veteranorum . The two roads, "viz." that from Pselcis to Scenae Veteranorum, which turned off to the east atHeliopolis , and that from Memphis to Pelusium, connected the latter city with the capital of Lower Egypt, Trajan's canal, and Arsinoe, near Suez, on the Sinus Heroopolites (Gulf of Suez ).
* From Acca toAlexandria , ran along the Mediterranean sea fromRaphia to Pelusium.Religion
It is named (as "Sin, the strength of Egypt") in the Biblical book of
Ezekiel , chapter 30:15.It is also the seat of a metropolitan
bishop ric in the modern-day Eastern Orthodox church.Farama is believed to be one of the places visited by the
Holy Family during the journey of theHoly Family in Egypt .ite
Its ruins, which have no particular interest, are found at Tineh, near
Damietta . (Champollion , "l'Egypte", vol. ii. p. 82; Vivant Dénon, "Description de l'Egypte", vol. i. p. 208, iii. p. 306.)ee also
*
Holy Family in Egypt References
*SmithDGRG
External links
* [http://www.archaeology.org/online/features/pelusium/ Pelusium: Gateway to Egypt] (archaeology.org)
* [http://www.christusrex.org/www1/ofm/mad/sources/sources139.html Ancient Sources: Pelusium]
*CathEncy|wstitle=Pelusium
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