PRC internal media

The Chinese internal document system protects China’s officials from being blinded by their own elaborate system of media control.

As He Qinglian documents in chapter four of "Media Control in China" [ [http://hrichina.org/public/contents/article?revision%5fid=29582&item%5fid=29576 Media Control in China] published in Chinese in 2004 by Human Rights in China, New York. Revised edition 2006 published by Liming Cultural Enterprises of Taiwan. Accessed February 4, 2007.] , there are many grades and types of internal documents [neibu wenjian 内部文件] . Many are restricted to a certain level of official – such as county level, provincial level or down to a certain level of official in a ministry. Some Chinese journalists, including Xinhua correspondents in foreign countries, write for both the mass media and the internal media.

Types of Internally Circulated Documents

* Formal Documents [zhengshi wenjian 正式文件] are written and issued by leading organizations of the PRC Communist Party and government. These instructions [zhishi 指示] , regulations [guiding 规定] , and notices [tongzhi 通知] are binding on lower level units. The most important formal documents are CCP Central Committee documents [zhonggong zhongyang wenjian 中共中央文件] .
* Status Reports [dongtai jianbao 动态简报] are written and issued by Party, government and military leading departments provide comprehensive reports to higher levels and bulletins to guide the work of lower level units. In news organizations the most important is the monthly evaluation entitled the Situation Report [qingkuang tongbao 情况通报] . The Situation Report lists incidents in which the media violated guidelines and the penalties imposed in each instance. The Report is an essential management tool of the Propaganda Department of the Communist Party for controlling news media so that the various PRC media do not violate propaganda discipline or as the propaganda department puts it “self-discipline”.
* Reference Materials [cankao ziliao 参考资料] are edited and published by larger news units such as Party newspapers or government newspapers. According to news discipline, any matter that the media outlets believe would harm the image of the Party or government, threaten social stability and unity, or other matters not suitable for open publications such as corruption, social unrest, and larger business swindles are often reported internally rather than in the mass media. Many well done reports by conscientious journalists are placed in internal channels rather than in the mass media. These “internal materials” are often printed in only a few dozen copies for distribution to leaders and certain organizations. The most authoritative are the three types of internal reference edited by the New China Press Agency.

The PRC State Secrecy Protection Law [ [http://news.xinhuanet.com/legal/2003-01/21/content_699624.htm PRC State Secrecy Protection Law, Chinese language text.] Accessed February 4, 2007.] [Baoshou Guojia Mimi Fa 保守国家秘密法] Section Nine stipulates has three grades of state secrets top secret (juemi 绝密), secret (jimi 机密) and confidential (mimi 秘密) as well as a fourth grade of information, internal materials (neibu ziliao) that may be read by Chinese citizens only. The PRC State Secrecy Protection Law Implementing Regulations [ [http://www.pku.edu.cn/lib&mus/archives/dafg/bmshsh.htm PRC State Secrecy Protection Law Implementing Regulations, Chinese language text.] Accessed February 4, 2007.] [Baoshou Guojia Mimi Fa Shishi Banfa 国家秘密法实施办法] section two defines these grades of secrecy and the permissions allowed to government departments at each level. In each Chinese administrative region, Party organizations such as committees and disciplinary committees; government organizations such as people’s congresses, governments, and consultative congresses; and military organizations such as military districts and their provincial military districts; and the hundreds of agencies subordinate to them issue these three types of internal documents.

The level of classification is tied to the administrative levels of Party and government in China. The higher the administrative level of the issuing office, generally the more secret the document is. In local government the issuing grades are province [sheng 省] , region (or city directly subordinate to a province) [diqu 地区or shengzhixiashi 省直辖市] and county [xian 县] ; grades within government organs are ministry [bu 部] , bureau [ju 局] and office [chu 处] ; in the military corps ( [jun 军] , division [shi 师] , and regiment [tuan 团] . The most authoritative documents are drafted by the Central Committee to convey instructions from CCP leaders. Documents with Chinese Communist Party Central Committee Document [Zhonggong Zhongyang Wenjian 中共中央文件] at the top in red letters are the most authoritative.

Internal News Publications for Senior Party and Government Officials

The first three publications are internal news edited and distributed within the PRC news control system are edited and distributed by the Second Editorial Office of the Domestic News Department of the New China News Agency and by the Chief Editor’s Office of the People’s Daily. The fourth publication is devoted to policy suggestions and reports and also reaches relatively low level officials.

* Domestic Developments Foundry Proofs [Guonei Dongtai Qingyang] edited by New China News Agency once or twice daily to report on important domestic events and important proposals at the high level of the CCP. Generally called Big Reference [da cankao 大参考] , it is 2 – 6 pages long and distributed to the central committee leaders, officials of ministerial rank, and to provincial governors and Party secretaries. This top secret document must be returned after being read those who lose it assume political responsibility. Unlikely to leak overseas, but some of the content might pass by word of mouth. Domestic Developments is a bulletin for the leaders; more detailed analysis of matters that will not be reported in the mass media such as certain social disturbances, appear later in Internal Reference.
* Internal Reference [Neibu Cankao 内部参考] edited by the New China News Agency twice weekly, 40 – 60 pages to report major domestic developments and statements. This secret document is circulated as far down as the regional and divisional levels and is the only formal channel to provide domestic classified information to middle and higher ranking Party members.
* Internal Reference Selections [Neibu Xuanbian 内部选编] edited by the New China News Agency weekly, 30 – 40 pages. Provides confidential level information to grassroots cadres down to the district and township leader level as well as to officials at the higher county and regimental level. After the mid 1990s very little few true confidential matters appeared in it and it was no longer collected after reading. Readership was extended to the deputy office director level.
* Internal Readings [Neibu Canyue 内部参阅] edited by the People’s Daily. Internal Readings is a secret level news document that contains policy suggestions and some survey reports of sensitive matters such as corruption in government and studies of problems of village government. From the mid 1990s cadres at the vice office director level have been allowed to subscribe privately to Internal Readings.

The news monopoly has enabled the CPC to filter the news although this has become more difficult since the Internet arose in the 1990s. Security has weakened and many units no longer collect "Internal Reference Selections" or "Internal Readings". Sometimes these publications are sent out with the trash. However private citizens are not allowed to hold secret or above classified material and some people have been prosecuted for that offense. The scope of state secrets can be expanded at the Party’s convenience. In some cases, He Qinglian writes, formerly open materials have become classified. After June 4, 1989, for the sake of protecting China’s image, many documents issued by the Propaganda Department of the Communist Party to guide the media have been classified at the top secret or secret levels or have been passed orally.

References

External links

* [http://www.hrichina.org/fs/downloadables/pdf/downloadable-resources/a1_MediaControl1.2004.pdf?revision_id=8992#search=%22He%20Qinglian%22 Media Control in China by He Qinglian -- translated excerpts]
* [http://ir2008.org/PDF/initiatives/Internet/Media-Control_Chinese.pdf Media Control in China 2004 edition, full Chinese text]
* [http://hrichina.org/public/contents/article?revision%5fid=29582&item%5fid=29576 Media Control in China revised 2006 Chinese language edition -- publication notice]
* [http://www.chinayj.net/SearchResult.asp?myID=10&x=???&y=%BA%CE%C7%E5%C1%B0&z=???????????&w=??????????? He Qinglian articles in Modern China Studies (Chinese text)]