Beechcraft Staggerwing

Infobox Aircraft
name= Model 17 Staggerwing


caption=1943 Beech D.17S Staggerwing
type= Utility aircraft
manufacturer= Beech Aircraft Corporation
designer= T. A. Wells
first flight= 1932-11-04
introduced= 1933
retired=
status=
primary user= Private sector
more users= United States Army Air Forces
produced= 1933-1949
number built= 785
unit cost= US$14,000-17,000 (1933) US$29,000 (1949)
variants with their own articles=

The Beechcraft Model 17 Staggerwing is an American biplane with an atypical negative stagger (the lower wing is farther forward than the upper wing).

Development

At the height of the Great Depression, aircraft executive Walter H. Beech and airplane designer T. A. "Ted" Wells joined forces to collaborate on a project many considered foolhardy — a large, powerful, and fast biplane built specifically for the business executive. The Beechcraft Model 17, popularly known as the "Staggerwing" was first flown on November 4, 1932, setting the standard for private passenger airplanes for many years to come. It was considered, during its time, to be the premier executive aircraft flying, much as the Gulfstream executive jets are considered in contemporary times.

The Model 17's unusual wing configuration—the upper wing inversely staggered behind the lower—and unique shape resulted in a design that maximized the pilot's visibility while minimizing the aircraft's tendency to stall. The fabric-covered fuselage was faired with wood formers and stringers placed over a welded, steel tube frame. The construction of the plane was complex and took many manhours to complete. The Staggerwing's retractable conventional landing gear, uncommon at that time, combined with streamlining, light weight, and its use of powerful radial engines helped it perform significantly better than other biplane designs.

In the mid-1930s, Beech embarked upon a major redesign of the aircraft, to be known officially as the "Model D17 Staggerwing". The D17 featured a lengthened fuselage that improved the aircraft's landing characteristics by increasing the leverage generated by the elevator. Ailerons were relocated on the upper wings, eliminating any interference with the air flow over the flaps. Braking was improved by the introduction of a foot-operated brake that was synchronized with the rudder pedals. All of these modifications enhanced the Staggerwing's performance, which would soon be put to the test under wartime conditions.

Operational history

Sales started slowly at first; the first Staggerwings' high price tag (between US$14,000 and US$17,000, depending on the size of the engine) scared off potential buyers in an already depressed market for civil aircraft. Only 18 Model 17s were sold during 1933, the first year of production, but sales steadily increased. Each Staggerwing was custom-built by hand. The luxurious cabin, trimmed in leather and mohair, could hold up to five passengers. Eventually, the Staggerwing captured a substantial share of the passenger aircraft market. By the start of World War II, more than 424 Model 17s had been sold.

Air racing

The Staggerwing's speed also made it the darling of the air racers of the 1930s. An early version of Model 17 won the 1933 Texaco Trophy Race. In 1935, a British diplomat, Capt. H.L. Farquhar, successfully flew around the world in a Model B17R, traveling 21,332 miles (34,331 kilometers) from New York to London, by way of Siberia, Southeast Asia, the Middle East, North Africa and back across Europe.

Louise Thaden and Blanche Noyes won the 1936 Bendix trophy in a Model C17R Staggerwing. Thaden also won the Harmon Trophy for her achievement. Jackie Cochran set a women's speed record of 203.9 mph, established an altitude record of over 30,000 feet (9,144 m), and finished third in the 1937 Bendix Trophy Race, all while flying a special Model D17W Staggerwing. The aircraft made an impressive showing in the 1938 Bendix race as well.

In 1970 due to a dispute with the T-6 racing class the Reno National Air Races invited five Staggerwings to do a demonstration race. Two G models and two D17 models raced. The five pilots were Bryant Morris, Bert Jensen, Don clark, Noel Gourselle, and Phil Livingston the only pilot to have prior racing experience in the T-6 Class. The race was flawless with ABC Wide World of Sports Coverage but protesting T-6 racers prevented the class from future competition with spurious allegations of safety issues.

World War II

As World War II loomed on the horizon, a number of Model B17L were pressed into service by the forces of the Second Spanish Republic as bombers during the Spanish Civil War. China ordered a number of Staggerwings to use as ambulance planes in its fight against Imperial Japan. Finland had one B17L as a liaison aircraft between 1940-1945. On October 2, 1941, Beech shipped a special camouflaged D17S to Prince Bernhard of Lippe, who was in exile in London after the Germany invasion of The Netherlands. He used it for refugee work in and around London.

The Beech UC-43 Traveler was a slightly modified version of the Staggerwing. In late 1938, three Model D17S were purchased for evaluation by the United States Army Air Corps for possible use as a light liaison aircraft. These were designated YC-43. After a short flight test program, the YC-43s were sent to Europe to serve as liaison aircraft with the air attachés in London, Paris and Rome.

Early in World War II, the need for a compact executive-type transport or courier aircraft became apparent and in 1942 the United States Army Air Forces ordered the first of 270 Model 17s for service within the United States and overseas as the UC-43. These differed only in minor details from the commercial model. To meet urgent wartime needs, the government also purchased or leased (impressed) additional "Staggerwings" from private owners including 118 more for the Army Air Force plus others for the United States Navy. In Navy service the planes were designated as GB-1 and GB-2. The British Royal Air Force and Royal Navy also received 106 "Traveller Mk. I" (the British name uses the anglicized double "l" spelling) through the Lend-Lease arrangement to fill its own critical need for light personnel transports.

The production UC-43 differed in minor details from the service test YC-43. Two distinguishing external features of the UC-43 are the circular ADF antenna mounted between the main landing gear and landing lights near the lower wingtips. They were all powered by the 450 horsepower (336 kilowatt) Pratt & Whitney R-985 engine.

Post-war

After the war's end, Beech immediately converted its manufacturing capabilities back to the production of civil aircraft with one final version of the Staggerwing, the Model G17S. 16 aircraft were built and sold at a price of US$29,000 apiece. One D17S was sold to Finland from Norway in 1949 and it was used for Finnish Air Force between 1950-1958. The lightweight V-tail Beechcraft Bonanza, a high-powered four-passenger luxury aircraft, soon replaced the venerable Staggerwing in the Beech product line, at about one-third the price. The Bonanza was a much smaller aircraft with much less horsepower, but carried four people with almost exactly the same speed as the Staggerwing. The final Staggerwing was sold in 1948; it left the factory in 1949, the last of 785 aircraft.

Critical praise

In March 2003, "Plane & Pilot" magazine named the Staggerwing one of its Top Ten All-Time Favorite aircraft.cite web|url=http://www.planeandpilotmag.com/content/2003/mar/top10_favorites.html|month=March | year=2003|accessdate=2006-08-07|publisher=Warner Publishing Corporation|title=Top 10 All-Time Favorites]

In the April, 2007 issue of AOPA Pilot magazine it was reported that the Staggerwing was voted by nearly 3000 AOPA members as the Most Beautiful Airplane. "Members said its the perfect balance between 'muscular strength and delicate grace,' and they rated it high for its 'classic lines and symmetry.'"

Variants and design stages

;17:Fixed gear prototype made first flight on November 4, 1932.By 1934, Beechcraft had designed and built four models. They were the 17R (420 hp Wright engine); the A17F (690 hp Wright engine); the A17FS (710 hp Wright engine); and the B17L (225 hp Jacobs engine). All were fixed gear models with the exception of the B17L, which had a pneumatically retractable undercarriage. Of the three models, the B17L proved best suited to meet the market demands, and became the first production model.;B17:First production model, manufactured from March 1934 to March 1936.;C17:Manufactured from March 1936 to March 1937.;D17:Manufactured from March 1937 to 1945 (All were military models after 1941).;E17:Manufactured from March 1937 to 1941.;F17:Manufactured from April 1938 to 1941.;G17:Manufactured from 1946 to 1948.

Military designations

;YC-43:Three Model D17S with a 450hp R-985-17 engine for evaluation by the United States Army Air Corps;UC-43 Traveler:Production version with a 450hp R-985-AN-1 engine, 75 ordered for the USAAC and 63 for the United States Navy as the GB-1, 132 were later transferred from the USN to the USAAC.;UC-43A:Model D17R with 440hp R-975-11 engine, 13 impressed into service.;UC-43B:Model D17S with 450hp R-985-17 engine, 13 impressed into service.;UC-43C:Model F17D with 300hp R-915-1 engine, 37 impressed into service.;UC-43D:Model E17B with 285hp R-830-1 engine, 31 impressed into service.;UC-43E:Model C17R with 440hp R-975-11 engine, five impressed into service.;UC-43F:Model D17A with 350hp R-975-3 engine, one impressed into service.;UC-43G:Model C17B with 285hp R-830-1 engine, 10 impressed into service.;UC-43H:Model B17R with 440hp R-975-11 engine, three impressed into service.;UC-43J:Model C17L with 225hp R-755-1 engine, three impressed into service.;UC-43K:Model D17W, one impressed into service. This aircraft was originally built in 1937 for famed aviatrix Jacqueline Cochran. Cochran flew the plane in the 1937 Bendix cross-country race and placed first in the Women's Division and 3rd overall. She also set a Women's National Speed Record of 203.895 miles per hour using the plane.;GB-1:United States Navy transport version of the D17, ten bought in 1939 and ten impressed into USN service.;GB-2:USN version as GB-1 but with a 450hp R-985-50 or R-985-AN-1 engine, 271 built, 132 later transferred to USAAF as UC-43s. Also additional aircraft from a cancelled British contract and impressed aircraft.;JB-1:One Model C17R as an executive transport for the United States Navy.;Traveller I:British designation for the former US Embassy in London's YC-43 and 107 UC-43 and GB-2 aircraft delivered mainly for the Royal Navy.

Engine selection

Operators

;AUS;BOL;BRA;China as ROC;CUB;FIN;GER;HON;NLD;NZL
*Royal New Zealand Air Force
**No. 42 Squadron RNZAF;PER;ESP;UK
*Royal Air Force
*Royal Navy;USA
*US Army Air Corps
*US Army Air Force
*United States Navy;URY

pecifications (Beech Model D17S)

aircraft specifications
plane or copter?=plane
jet or prop?=prop
ref=Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War IIRef Jane's|The Beechcraft Traveller|205]
crew=1
capacity=3 passengers
payload main=125 lb
payload alt=56.7 kg
payload more=of baggage
length main=26 ft 10 in
length alt=8.18 m
span main=32 ft
span alt=9.75 m
height main=8 ft
height alt=2.44 m
area main=296.5 ft²
area alt=27.55 m²
empty weight main=2,540 lb
empty weight alt=1,150 kg
loaded weight main=4,250 lb
loaded weight alt=1,930 kg
engine (prop)=Pratt & Whitney R-985-AN-1
type of prop="Wasp Junior" radial engine
number of props=1
power main=450 hp
power alt=340 kW
power more=at 2,300 rpm
max speed main=212 mph
max speed alt=184 knots, 341 km/h
cruise speed main=202 mph
cruise speed alt=176 knots, 325 km/h)
* Landing speed: 45 mph (39 knots, 72 km/h)
range main=582 nm
range alt=670 mi, 1,078 km
ceiling main=25,000 ft
ceiling alt=7,600 m
climb rate main=1,500 ft/min
climb rate alt=7.6 m/s
loading main=14.3 lb/ft²
loading alt=70.0 kg/m²
power/mass main=0.11 lb/hp
power/mass alt=170 g/kW

Notes

References

* cite web
last=Guillemette
first=Roger
url=http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/GENERAL_AVIATION/staggerwing/GA11.htm
title=Beech Model 17 Staggerwing
publisher=U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission
accessdate=2006-01-06
* cite web
url=http://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/research/cargo/c4/cargo4.htm
title=Cargo Aircraft Virtual Gallery; World War II era Development- Part I
publisher=National Museum of the United States Air Force
accessdate=2006-01-06
*

External links

* [http://www.staggerwing.com/ The Staggerwing Museum Foundation]
* [http://www.staggerwing.co.uk/ Staggerwing Enthusiasts]
* [http://www.griffon-aerospace.com/lionheart/index.html Griffon Aerospace Lionheart]

Museum displays

*National Air & Space Museum in Washington, D.C. [http://www.nasm.si.edu/research/aero/aircraft/beech.htm]
*National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base near Dayton, Ohio (UC-43 Traveler) [http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=514]
*National Museum of Naval Aviation at Naval Air Station Pensacola near Pensacola, Florida [http://broadcast.illuminatedtech.com/display/story.cfm?bp=110&sid=8112]
*Reynolds-Alberta Museum in Wetaskiwin, Alberta, Canada
*The Staggerwing Museum in Tullahoma, Tennessee (actually contains 10 examples of the type as of January 8, 2006) [http://www.staggerwing.com/collection/]
*Yanks Air Museum in Chino, California
* Legacy Flight Museum in Rexburg, ID. (http://www.legacyflightmuseum.com)
* Mid-America Air Museum in Liberal, Kansas. (http://www.cityofliberal.com/airmuseum)

ee also

aircontent
related=
similar aircraft=
*Griffon Aerospace Lionheart
*Howard DGA-15
*Spartan Executive
lists=
*List of military transport aircraft
*List of utility aircraft
see also=