John Maunsell

Sir John Maunsell (c. 1190/1195 – 1265), also Sir John Mansel, Provost of Beverley, was king's clerk, and a judge. He served as chancellor to King Henry III and was England's first secretary of state.

Life

His grandfather, Robert Mansel, was a Templar under Baron Gilbert de Lacy in Palestine. Robert led a small force of Welsh and Aquitaines by night to put to rout a much larger force of Turks under Sultan Noureddin, also known as Nur ad-Din, at his camp outside Damascus during the reign of King Henry II. His father, Walter, a deacon, was Napkin Bearer to the King. John Maunsell is first heard of when he was sent from Scotland as orator from Alexander, King of Scotland in 1215 to the court of John. As the son of a deacon under orders, his birth status periodically came into question eventually resulting in a letter from Pope Innocent IV ratified by Pope Alexander IV in 1259 stating "Approbation, addressed to John Mansel, Chancellor of London, the King's Clerk, of the dispensation given to him, at the King's request, by Pope Innocent, to be ordained and promoted, notwithstanding that his mother married his father, a man of noble birth, not knowing that he was a deacon, and was accounted for the time being his lawful wife; his father, after some time, repenting, resumed his orders, a divorce having been declared by their diocesan. The dispensation is approved, even if his mother's plea of ignorance and the reputation of a lawful marriage cannot be sustained."

Maunsell became a favorite of the young King Henry III and was appointed to the vacant prebend of Thames by Henry, but Robert Grosseteste, a reforming bishop with strong feelings about ecclesiastic rights and privilege, refused to admit him. Reportedly, Maunsell took the Thames church by force before giving up his claim to the prebend (a specific type of benefice). Grosseteste, having thus vindicated his right, bestowed upon Maunsell the more lucrative benefice of Maidstone. Despite the loss of the Thames benefice, Maunsell is considered to have obtained more benefices than any other clergyman as he amassed his plurality. Maunsell acquired additional benefices including: "the Provost of Beverly" in 1247, "the living of Howden," "Chancellorship of St. Paul's, London," "the living of Bawburgh," "Prebend of South Malling," "Living of Haughley," "Prebend of Tottenhall," "Prebend of Chinchester," "Dean of Wimborn," "Rector of Wigan," "Papal Chaplain," as well as "Chaplain of the King."

He fought with a contingent of English under Henry de Turbeville in the aid of Frederick II, King of Germany in the north of Italy in 1238. Frederick II was married to Henry's sister Isabella in 1235. He fought alongside Henry III in the Battle of Taillebourg during the Saintonge War(20 July-24 July 1242) and took Peter Orige, seneschal of the Count of Boulogne, prisoner. He was reckoned not least among brave men in this unsuccessful venture against Louis IX of France. He was seriously wounded while leading an assault in siege of the Verines monastery.

During 1246 and 1247 he served as Lord Chancellor of England.Powicke "Handbook of British Chronology" p. 83]

John Maunsell established the Augustinian priory at Bilsington, near Romney in 1253 prudently reflecting that "the king's favour is not hereditary or worldly prosperity of lasting duration."

He enjoyed great secular power; the 1258 Provisions of Oxford gave four men the power to elect a council of fifteen to govern the treasury and the chancellery. These four men were the Earl Marshal (the Earl of Norfolk), Hugh Bigod, John Maunsell, and the Earl of Warwick (John du Plessis). Not only did he arrange the marriage of Henry III daughter, Margaret of England to Alexander III of Scotland in 1249, but he entertained the courts of England and Scotland on King Alexander's visit to London in 1256. Such a feat would not have been possible but for the income from his pluralities. He was named Seneschal of Gascony in 1243 a post later held by Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester and subsequently by Prince Edward. Alfonso of Castile had his eyes on Gascony and John Maunsell helped to defuse the situation by arranging the marriage of Edward to Alfonso's half-sister, Eleanor in 1254. Sedgwick castle came into his hands in 1249. In 1261 he was named Constable of the Tower of London. He was mediator along with Simon de Montfort in arranging the marriage of Henry's daughter Beatrice with John of Brittany in 1259. John Maunsell was in France with Queen Eleanor and Edmund when Simon de Montfort vanquished Henry III at the Battle of Lewes, May 14, 1263. Shortly thereafter, Simon de Montfort took possession of Maunsell's estates in August of 1263. John Maunsell died January 20, 1265 in Florence and was buried in York Minster. Among his contemporaries were the better known Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester and Roger Bacon.

Notes

References

Books

*Charles G. Addison "The History of the Knights Templars, The Temple Church, and the Temple." Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, London 1842 p. 46
*Maunsell, Charles A. and Statham, Edward Phillips (1917-20). "History of the Family of Maunsell, (Mansell, Mansel) " Anchor Press LTD, Tiptree Essex.
*From Testamenta Vetusta, Being Illustrations from Wills, of Manners, Customs, &c., vol. 1, pp. 5-7. Nicholas Harris Nicolas, Barrister at Law, Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. London: Nichols & Son, 1826. [http://home.earthlink.net/~plantagenet60/plantagenet06.htm]
*British History Online [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/]
*Houses of the Austin Canons [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=38204]
*Calendar Patent Rolls, Henry III
*Papal Letters Vol i., pp. 218, 262-3, 269, 362. (Pope Innocent IV & Pope Alexander IV)
*Foedera, Rymer, Vol i., pp. 48, 67, 135, 408, 415.
*History of the Exchequer, Thomas Madox; Vol. ii. p. 51
*Henry II and the Church, F. A. Gasquet; p. 196 et seq.
*England Under the Normans and Angevins, H. W. C. Davis
*Chronica Majora, Matthew Paris; Vol i. pp. 440,422.
*Chronica Majora, Matthew Paris; Vol iii. p. 153.
*Chronica Majora, Matthew Paris; Vol iv. pp. 294, 375, 601, 623-4.
*Chronica Majora, Matthew Paris; Vol v. pp. 101, 129, 179, 223, 238-9, 268-9, 355, 450, 505, 507, 690, 719.
*The Court of a Saint, Winifred E. Knox; p 105
*Royal and Other Historical Letters, Shirley, Vol i., pp. 145-6.
*Royal and Other Historical Letters, Shirley, Vol ii., pp. 175, 206.
*Chronicles of the Reigns of Edward I and Edward II, Vol i., pp. 60, 64, 66
*The history of the life of King Henry the Second, and of the age in which he lived, in five books: to which is prefixed a history of the revolutions of England from the death of Edward the Confessor to the birth of Henry the Second, George Lyttelton Lyttelton, Baron, London, Printed for W. Sandby and J. Dodsley, 1767-1771, Vol iii., pp. 280-282
* Powicke, F. Maurice and E. B. Fryde "Handbook of British Chronology" 2nd. ed. London:Royal Historical Society 1961

Electronic articles and journals

External links

* [http://www.sacred-texts.com/sro/hkt/hkt05.htm The History of the Knights Templars]
* [http://home.earthlink.net/~plantagenet60/plantagenet06.htm]
* [http://www.biodatabase.de/Secretary%20of%20State]
* [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/]

ee also

* List of Lord Chancellors and Lord Keepers