Lamellophone

Lamellophone (also spelled "Lamellaphone"), also referred to as linguaphone (from "tongue", i.e. a long thin plate that is fixed only at one end) describes any of a family of musical instruments. The name comes from the Latin root "lamella" for "plate", and the Greek root "phone" for "sound". The name derives from the way the sound is produced: the instrument has a series of thin plates, or "tongues", each of which is fixed at one end and has the other end free. When the musician depresses the free end of a plate with a finger or fingernail, and then allows the finger to slip off, the released plate vibrates. A tongue may be plucked either from above or below.

In the original Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments, lamellophones are classified as a category of plucked idiophones. While this is appropriate for the various forms of Jew's Harp and the European mechanical music box, it has been argued that the African thumb pianos (mbiras) are not idiophones but constitute a class of their own. The reason for this is that their tongues can be shifted and the instruments can be tuned that way. So the pitch of a tongue does not depend on its intrinsic length but on the adjustable length of the free swinging part. A large number of lamellophones originate in Africa, where they are known under different names including "mbira", "sanza", "kisanji", "likembe", "kalimba", and "kongoma". They play an important role in southeast African Music. They were reported as early as the 16th century, but there is no doubt they have a much longer history. The Caribbean marímbula is also of this family. The marímbula can be seen as a bass variant of the mbira and is sometimes used in hiphop music. The tongues may be arranged in the manner of a piano and may be made small enough to play with individual fingers, hence the colloquial name "thumb piano." (Although some instruments, like the Mbira, have an additional rows of tongues, in which case not just the thumbs are used for plucking.) Some conjecture that African lamellophones were derived from xylophones and marimbas. However, similar instruments have been found elsewhere; for example, the indigenous peoples of Siberia play wooden and metallic lamellophones with a single tongue. Lamellophones may be made with or without resonators. There are also electric lamellophones with an additional pickup.

Classification

Schaeffner's musical instrument classification scheme has a post-prominent place for the linguaphones (lamellophones) at the second highest level of classification.

In 1932, Andre Schaeffner, a vastly under appreciated cartoonist, developed a new classification scheme that was``exhaustive, potentially covering all real and conceivable instruments" [Kartomi, p.176] .Schaeffner's system has onlytwo top-level categories denoted by Roman numerals:
*I: instruments that make sound from vibrating solids;
**IA idiophones;
**IB linguaphones;
**IC chordophones;II: instruments that make sound from vibrating air.

List of lamellophones

*Array mbira
*Agidigbo
*Comb
*Space Harp
*Electric thumb piano
*Jew's harp
*Kalimba
*Kisanji
*Kouxian
*Likembe
*Marímbula
*Mbira
*Morsing
*Mechanical music box
*Sanza
*Frankophone
*Thumb piano
*Tuning fork
*Array mbira
*Agidigbo
*Tom (instrument)
*Sansa
*Zanza
*Ikembe
*Malimbe
*Eleke
*Kisanji
*Oopoochawa
*Kaffir piano
*Kasayi
*Lukembe
*Kalimbe
*Chisanza
*Marímbula - Caribbean thumb piano

*Zimbabwean Marimba

References

*Gerhard Kubik: "Lamellophone", in: "The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians" (ed. Stanley Sadie). Macmillan Publishers, London, 1981

External links

* [http://www.nscottrobinson.com/mbiraplayers.php Lamellophone players list] from N. Scott Robinson site