Epopeus

Epopeus (Ἐποπεύς) was a mythical Greek king of Sicyon, with an archaic bird-name that linked him to "epops" (έποψ), the hoopoe, the "watcher". ["Now the long list of Sicyonian kings which we find in Pausanias touches on bird lore at more than one juncture", Noel Robertson observes, in "Callimachus' Tale of Sicyon ('SH' 238)" "Phoenix" 53.1/2 (Spring 1999:57-79): a previous king at Sicyon was "Korax", the "raven" king, son of "Koronos" (Pausanias 2.5.8), the "crow" king who was born of a love-match of Apollo, to whom the crow belonged; a later king at Sicyon took as a bride Φηνω, the "vulture" (Pausanias 2.6.5); in other locales one might compare Tereus, transformed into a hoopoe (Pausanias, 1.41.9); and Celeus, the "woodpecker" king in Eleusis— and indeed the Latin Picus, also a "woodpecker" king.] A fragment of Callimachus' "Aitia" ("Origins") appears to ask, "Why, at Sicyon, is it the hoopoe, and not the usual "splendid ravens", that is the bird of good omen?" [The fragment is interpreted so by Noel Robertson, "Callimachus' Tale of Sicyon ('SH' 238)" "Phoenix" 53.1/2 (Spring 1999:57-79); Robertson continues by elucidating Epopeus.]

Epopeus was in fact the most memorable king at Sicyon, who features in Euripides' "Antiope". He founded a sanctuary of Athena on the Sicyonian acropolis where he performed victory rites, clebrating his victory over Theban intruders. Athena caused olive oil to flow before the shrine.

Pausanias saw at Titane, in Sicyonia, an altar and in front of it a tumulus raised to the hero Epopeus and, near to the barrow-tomb, the "Gods of Aversion"— the "apotropai"— "before whom are performed the ceremonies which the Hellenes observe for the averting of evils". [Pausanias, 2.11.1.] In the etiological myth that accounted for the origin of rituals propitiating the "daimon" of Epopeus, it was told that Zeus impregnated Antiope and she fled in shame (for she was married to Nycteus) to Epopeus, king of Sicyon, abandoning her children, Amphion and Zethus. They were exposed on Mount Cithaeron, but, in a familiar mytheme, were found and brought up by a shepherd. Nycteus, unable to retrieve his wife, sent his brother Lycus to take her. He did so and gave her as a slave to his own wife, Dirce.

Nycteus signifies "of the night", as does Nyctimene in the following variant: according to anecdotal Roman tellings by Gaius Julius Hyginus ["Fabulae" 204 and 253] and in Ovid's "Metamorphoses" (ii.590), an Epopeus was a king of Lesbos. He had sexual intercourse with his "nocturnal" daughter Nyctimene, whom Minerva (as she was in these Latin versions) in pity transformed into an owl, explicitly the bird that shuns the daylight. [See also Hyginus, "Fabula" 204]

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