Cathelicidin

Members of the cathelicidin family of antimicrobial polypeptides are characterized by a highly conserved region (cathelin domain) and a highly variable cathelicidin peptide domain. Cathelicidin peptides have been isolated from many different species of mammals. Cathelicidins were originally found in neutrophils but have since been found in many other cells including epithelial cells and macrophages activated by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or the hormone 1,25-D.cite journal | author = Liu PT, Stenger S, Li H, Wenzel L, Tan BH, Krutzik SR, Ochoa MT, Schauber J, Wu K, Meinken C, Kamen DL, Wagner M, Bals R, Steinmeyer A, Zügel U, Gallo RL, Eisenberg D, Hewison M, Hollis BW, Adams JS, Bloom BR, Modlin R | title = Toll-like receptor triggering of a vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial response | journal = Science (journal) | volume = 311 | issue = 5768 | pages = 1770–3 | year = 2006 | month = March | pmid = 16497887 | doi = 10.1126/science.1123933 | url = | issn = ]

The cathelicidin family shares primary sequence homology with the cathepsin family of cysteine proteinase inhibitors, although amino acid residues thought to be important in such protease inhibition are usually lacking. Cathelicidins serve a critical role in mammalian innate immune defense against invasive bacterial infection.cite journal | author = Nizet V, Ohtake T, Lauth X, Trowbridge J, Rudisill J, Dorschner RA, Pestonjamasp V, Piraino J, Huttner K, Gallo RL | title = Innate antimicrobial peptide protects the skin from invasive bacterial infection | journal = Nature | volume = 414 | issue = 6862 | pages = 454–7 | year = 2001 | month = November | pmid = 11719807 | doi = 10.1038/35106587 | url = | issn = ]

Richard L. Gallo and colleagues recently noticed that patients with rosacea had elevated levels of cathelicidin and elevated levels of stratum corneum tryptic enzymes (SCTEs). Antibiotics have been used in the past to treat rosacea, but antibiotics may only work because they inhibit some SCTEs.cite journal | author = Yamasaki K, Di Nardo A, Bardan A, Murakami M, Ohtake T, Coda A, Dorschner RA, Bonnart C, Descargues P, Hovnanian A, Morhenn VB, Gallo RL | title = Increased serine protease activity and cathelicidin promotes skin inflammation in rosacea | journal = Nat. Med. | volume = 13 | issue = 8 | pages = 975–80 | year = 2007 | month = August | pmid = 17676051 | doi = 10.1038/nm1616 | url = | issn = ]

PBB_Summary
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summary_text = Cathelicidin antimicrobial protein is an antimicrobial protein found in specific granules of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). [supplied by OMIM] [cite web | title = Entrez Gene: CAMP cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=820| accessdate = ]

ee also

* Antimicrobial peptides

References

Further reading

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citations =
*cite journal | author=Lehrer RI, Ganz T |title=Cathelicidins: a family of endogenous antimicrobial peptides. |journal=Curr. Opin. Hematol. |volume=9 |issue= 1 |pages= 18–22 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11753073 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Niyonsaba F, Hirata M, Ogawa H, Nagaoka I |title=Epithelial cell-derived antibacterial peptides human beta-defensins and cathelicidin: multifunctional activities on mast cells. |journal=Current drug targets. Inflammation and allergy |volume=2 |issue= 3 |pages= 224–31 |year= 2003 |pmid= 14561157 |doi=
*cite journal | author=van Wetering S, Tjabringa GS, Hiemstra PS |title=Interactions between neutrophil-derived antimicrobial peptides and airway epithelial cells. |journal=J. Leukoc. Biol. |volume=77 |issue= 4 |pages= 444–50 |year= 2005 |pmid= 15591123 |doi= 10.1189/jlb.0604367
*cite journal | author=Agerberth B, Gunne H, Odeberg J, "et al." |title=FALL-39, a putative human peptide antibiotic, is cysteine-free and expressed in bone marrow and testis. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=92 |issue= 1 |pages= 195–9 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7529412 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Cowland JB, Johnsen AH, Borregaard N |title=hCAP-18, a cathelin/pro-bactenecin-like protein of human neutrophil specific granules. |journal=FEBS Lett. |volume=368 |issue= 1 |pages= 173–6 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7615076 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Gudmundsson GH, Magnusson KP, Chowdhary BP, "et al." |title=Structure of the gene for porcine peptide antibiotic PR-39, a cathelin gene family member: comparative mapping of the locus for the human peptide antibiotic FALL-39. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=92 |issue= 15 |pages= 7085–9 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7624374 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Larrick JW, Hirata M, Balint RF, "et al." |title=Human CAP18: a novel antimicrobial lipopolysaccharide-binding protein. |journal=Infect. Immun. |volume=63 |issue= 4 |pages= 1291–7 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7890387 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Gudmundsson GH, Agerberth B, Odeberg J, "et al." |title=The human gene FALL39 and processing of the cathelin precursor to the antibacterial peptide LL-37 in granulocytes. |journal=Eur. J. Biochem. |volume=238 |issue= 2 |pages= 325–32 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8681941 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Larrick JW, Lee J, Ma S, "et al." |title=Structural, functional analysis and localization of the human CAP18 gene. |journal=FEBS Lett. |volume=398 |issue= 1 |pages= 74–80 |year= 1997 |pmid= 8946956 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Frohm M, Agerberth B, Ahangari G, "et al." |title=The expression of the gene coding for the antibacterial peptide LL-37 is induced in human keratinocytes during inflammatory disorders. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=272 |issue= 24 |pages= 15258–63 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9182550 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Bals R, Wang X, Zasloff M, Wilson JM |title=The peptide antibiotic LL-37/hCAP-18 is expressed in epithelia of the human lung where it has broad antimicrobial activity at the airway surface. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=95 |issue= 16 |pages= 9541–6 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9689116 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Frohm Nilsson M, Sandstedt B, Sørensen O, "et al." |title=The human cationic antimicrobial protein (hCAP18), a peptide antibiotic, is widely expressed in human squamous epithelia and colocalizes with interleukin-6. |journal=Infect. Immun. |volume=67 |issue= 5 |pages= 2561–6 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10225921 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Malm J, Sørensen O, Persson T, "et al." |title=The human cationic antimicrobial protein (hCAP-18) is expressed in the epithelium of human epididymis, is present in seminal plasma at high concentrations, and is attached to spermatozoa. |journal=Infect. Immun. |volume=68 |issue= 7 |pages= 4297–302 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10858248 |doi=
*cite journal | author=De Yang , Chen Q, Schmidt AP, "et al." |title=LL-37, the neutrophil granule- and epithelial cell-derived cathelicidin, utilizes formyl peptide receptor-like 1 (FPRL1) as a receptor to chemoattract human peripheral blood neutrophils, monocytes, and T cells. |journal=J. Exp. Med. |volume=192 |issue= 7 |pages= 1069–74 |year= 2000 |pmid= 11015447 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Agerberth B, Charo J, Werr J, "et al." |title=The human antimicrobial and chemotactic peptides LL-37 and alpha-defensins are expressed by specific lymphocyte and monocyte populations. |journal=Blood |volume=96 |issue= 9 |pages= 3086–93 |year= 2000 |pmid= 11049988 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Bals R, Lang C, Weiner DJ, "et al." |title=Rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) mucosal antimicrobial peptides are close homologues of human molecules. |journal=Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. |volume=8 |issue= 2 |pages= 370–5 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11238224 |doi= 10.1128/CDLI.8.2.370-375.2001
*cite journal | author=Sørensen OE, Follin P, Johnsen AH, "et al." |title=Human cathelicidin, hCAP-18, is processed to the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 by extracellular cleavage with proteinase 3. |journal=Blood |volume=97 |issue= 12 |pages= 3951–9 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11389039 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Nagaoka I, Hirota S, Niyonsaba F, "et al." |title=Cathelicidin family of antibacterial peptides CAP18 and CAP11 inhibit the expression of TNF-alpha by blocking the binding of LPS to CD14(+) cells. |journal=J. Immunol. |volume=167 |issue= 6 |pages= 3329–38 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11544322 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Hase K, Eckmann L, Leopard JD, "et al." |title=Cell differentiation is a key determinant of cathelicidin LL-37/human cationic antimicrobial protein 18 expression by human colon epithelium. |journal=Infect. Immun. |volume=70 |issue= 2 |pages= 953–63 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11796631 |doi=

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