Licking

Licking is the action of passing the tongue over a surface, typically either to deposit saliva onto the surface or to collect liquid onto the tongue for ingestion or to provide pleasure to the genetailia. Many animals both groom themselves and drink by licking.

Licking in animals

Licking is a common way for animals to clean themselves. In mammals, licking helps keep the fur clean and untangled. The tongues of many mammals have a rough upper surface that acts like a brush when the animal licks its fur. Certain reptiles, such as geckos, clean their eyes by licking them.

Mammals typically lick their offspring clean immediately after birth; in many species this is necessary to free the newborn from the amniotic sac. The licking not only cleans and dries the offspring's fur, but also stimulates its breathing and digestive processes.

Some animals, such as cats, also use licking to cool themselves. [Cats and Kittens Magazine, [http://www.petpublishing.com/catkit/faq.shtml#behavior Frequently Asked Cat Questions: Behavior] . URL visited 8 April 2006.] As cats do not sweat the way humans do, the saliva deposited by licking provides a similar means of evaporative cooling

Many animals also drink by licking. While young mammals drink milk from their mothers' nipples by sucking, the typical method of drinking for adult mammals involves dipping the tongue repeatedly into water and using it to scoop water into the mouth. This method of drinking relies in part on the water adhering to the surface of the tongue and in part on muscular control of the tongue to form it into a spoonlike shape.

Hummingbirds are often said to "sip" nectar, but in fact they lap up nectar on their long tongues. Their tongues have fringed edges, which help in both nectar eating and in catching tiny insects. Mother hummingbirds also lick their chicks after a rainstorm to dry them by licking water droplets from the coats of the chicks to avoid chill.

Animals also use their tongue to enhance their sense of smell. By licking a surface, molecules on it are transferred via the tongue to the olfactory receptors in the nose and in the vomeronasal organ.

Dogs and cats use licking both to clean, and to show affection among themselves or to humans typically licking their faces..

Licking in humans

Compared to most other mammals, licking has a relatively minor role for humans. The human tongue (primarily used for speech) is relatively short and inflexible, and is not well adapted for either grooming or drinking. Instead, humans prefer to wash themselves using their hands and drink by sucking fluid into their mouth. Humans have much less hair over their skin than most other mammals, and much of that hair is in places which they cannot reach with their own mouth. The presence of sweat glands all over the human body makes licking as a cooling method unnecessary.

Nonetheless, licking does play a role for humans. Even though humans cannot effectively drink water by licking, the human tongue is quite sufficient for licking more viscous fluids. The practice of licking dishware and cutlery clean, though often considered uncivilized, is nonetheless quite common. Some foods are sold in a form intended to be consumed mainly by licking, e.g. an ice cream cone and a lollipop.

There are a number of other uses for licking in humans. For example, licking can be used to moisten the adhesive surfaces of stamps or envelopes. A habit of many people is licking a finger to help turning a page, taking a sheet of paper from the top of a pile or opening a plastic bag. This is often considered unhygienic and it is questioned whether there really is any necessity to do so although the people who do it claim that, for example, in certain situations turning a page is difficult and that it goes much easier after licking the top of the finger used to turn that page for some extra grip. In sewing, thread ends are commonly wet by licking to make the fibres stick together and thus make threading them through the eye of a needle easier. Another practice considered uncivilized is licking one's hand and using it to groom one's hair.

Licking, like other forms of oral contact, can also be an important element of human sexuality ("see oral sex"). In a less sexual way, licking can be part of physical intimacy, for example with the French kiss or "necking".

Other primates

*Ring-tailed lemurs use licking as a social function, licking each other's babies within the community. [http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/ring-tailed_lemur/behav]
*Macaques and other primates lick leaves for water in addition to dipping their arms into tree crevices and licking the water off. [http://www.brown.edu/Research/Primate/lpn32-1.html]
*Chimpanzees use licking in a variety of ways:
**lick objects, such as dead trees, that others in their community have licked [http://mahale.web.infoseek.co.jp/PAN/12_2/12(2)_03.html]
**lick body parts of others for grooming and sex [http://mahale.web.infoseek.co.jp/PAN/12_2/12(2)_03.html]
**lick rocks for salt [http://www-personal.umich.edu/~phyl/weekfive.html]
*Gorillas use licking in addition other senses to determine the nature of an object [http://www.lastrefuge.co.uk/php/film_show_rwanda1_all.php?pageNum_Recordset1=3&totalRows_Recordset1=1432&SearchString=&Submit=Go]

References

External links

* [http://www.penmarric.ns.ca/catcare/common/grooming.htm Grooming in cats]
* [http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v112n02/p0456-p0463.pdf Hummingbird Licking Behavior]
* [http://chemse.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/30/7/601 Mice Licking Responses to Sweeteners]
* [http://www.2ndchance.info/caninelaborstages.htm The Stages of Canine Labor When Your Dog Gives Birth]