Tiered service

Tiered service structures allow users to select from a small set of tiers at progressively increasing price points to receive the product or products best suited to their needs. Such systems are frequently seen in the telecommunications field, specifically when it comes to wireless service, digital and cable television options, and broadband internet access.^[1] When a wireless company, for example, charges customers different amounts based on the number of voice minutes, text messages, and other features they desire, the company is utilizing the principle of tiered service. This is also seen in charging different prices for services such as the speed of one's internet connection and the number of cable television channels one has access to. Tiered pricing allows customers access to these services who may not otherwise due to financial constraints, ultimately reflecting the diversity of consumer needs and resources.

Tiered service helps to keep quality of service standards for high profile applications like streaming video or VoIP. This comes at a cost of increasing costs for better service levels.^[2] Major players in the Net Neutrality debate have proposed tiered internet so content providers who pay more to service providers get better quality service.^[3]

History

It was not until the Internet began its rapid evolution that tiered services became a controversial issue. And it was not until the early 2000s that Internet carriers considered the option of abandoning net neutrality policies.^[4] In 2005, the FCC changed the way Broadband service providers are regulated. This made Broadband service providers "information services" instead of "telecommunications services". This means Broadband service providers are no longer subject to Common carrier Regulations.^[5] Since the beginning of the twentieth century, common carriage guidelines required the quality of service must be the same for all, preventing one customer from being favored over another.^[4] During the first decades of the 1900s, this policy related directly to the telephone industry, and AT&T specifically. However, in recent decades, the policy has grown to encompass a broader range of communication services. Preventing preferential treatment of customers in the realm of the internet is referred to as the policy of Net Neutrality. Former chairman of the FCC Michael Powell considered net neutrality to be fundamental to the success of the Internet and even one of the basic rules to maintaining freedom on the Internet.^[4] The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) continued its skepticism of tiered pricing for quite some time, and it was not until concerns about the availability of the spectrum began to surface that things began to change. FCC Chairman Julius Genachowski annonced in 2010 that the benefits of tiered pricing include helping to prevent data backups on networks.^[6] Genachowski expressed his fear of a coming "spectrum crisis" as a result of the increase in smartphone usage ultimately clogging carrier networks. The FCC suggested a number of solutions to the problem including greater use of the unlicensed Wi-Fi spectrum, more femtocells, and more efficient arrangement of cell towers, but even these measures were not believed to be enough to keep spectrum bands open.^[7] Attempts have been made to put price controls on tiered service. United States Congress put a bill forth to prevent a "two-tiered pricing scheme with priority service." The bill did not pass congress, but allowed the FCC to stop ISPs from blocking websites.^[8]

The way ISPs tier services for content providers and application providers is through "access-tiering". This is when a network operator grants bandwidth priority to those willing to pay for quality service. "Consumer-tiering" is where different speeds are marketed to consumers and prices are based on the consumers willingness to pay.^[9]

Net neutrality

Net neutrality is the practice of keeping internet service providers from offering tiered service and controlling the ability to block out competition by restricting certain pipelines within the internet. By blocking these pipelines, the provider creates an unfair transfer of packets across the internet, diminishing the quality of service. Internet service providers seek to discriminate against peer-to-peer (P2P) communication, FTP, online games, and high bandwidth video streaming.^[10] This practice is called bandwidth throttling, which is used to control congestion within the network created by these processes.

Tiered internet

Implications

A tiered internet gives priority to packets sent and received by end users that pay a premium for service.^[11] Network operators do this to simplify things such as network management and equipment configuration, traffic engineering, service level agreements, billing, and customer support.^[12]

Tiered service fair queuing

Fair queuing is an algorithm that allows for network moderators to control packets by assigning flow weights.^[1] Groups of guaranteed-service applications are classed by their nature (eg., "voice","video","game") based on similar bandwidth and delay requirements. These guaranteed-service applications are given priority over best-effort applications which are limited by the access bandwidth available to the user.

Continuous rate network model

The Continuous-rate network model allow users to request any amount of bandwidth necessary for their uses and the network must be able to provide any arbitrary amount requested. There must be mechanisms put into place by the network provider that allows for a distinguishing to be made for these arbitrary requests. This process can become almost impossible for traffic with a finite duration. Bandwidth requests are inherently variable in size, arrival time, and duration and creates link capacity across the continuous rate network to become fragmented. The network would then have much difficulty in maintaining a sufficient level of utilization and users’ expected quality of service.^[12]

Arguments

Initial reasoning against tiered service was that ISPs would use it to block content on the internet.^[13] Internet service providers could use this to prioritize affiliated partners instead of unaffiliated ones.^[14] Many argue that one fast network is much more efficient than deliberately throttling traffic to create a tiered internet.^[15]

AT&T

AT&T had a trial in 2008 in Reno, NV which was one of the first cases of tiered service for in-home broadband internet pertaining to the amount of data used.^[16]

BT Group

BT Group, a British telecommunications giant, is now going to charge users of their service extra for faster delivery of content. Meaning that they will not be handling all traffic across their network equally.^[17]

Tiered Cellular Data Plans

AT&T

AT&T revised their cellular data plans to create data tiers for specific types of usage. AT&T indicated that tiered pricing may be brought on in the future for LTE data plans.^[18]

Metro PCS

MetroPCS has been accused of violating net neutrality by their proposed tiered cell phone data services. With some of these services being capped, this violates various agreements for open internet.^[19]

Sprint

Sprint is implementing tiered data plans for their mobile broadband products. The plans come in 3GB, 5GB, and 10GB capacities. Sprint previously claimed to have unlimited service, as this is their first venture into tiered pricing schemes.^[20]

Verizon

Verizon Wireless introduced their LTE network with the capability for tiered services at the end of 2010. Because the companies 4G network is now available in tens of cities across the United States, Verizon has the opportunity to charge premium prices for faster data delivery. Such data plans allow Verizon to charge under a tiered service platform, similar to many home wired internet services.^[21]

Arguments

There are many arguments between ISPs, who traditionally support tiered services, and Network Neutrality proponents. ISPs say that tiered services are necessary to keep and maintain network performance. Also, tiered pricing schemes allow ISPs incentive to upgrade their networks and provide better service. Network Neutrality proponents say that ISPs do not have this right to degrade internet services and that their service should be open and consistent.^[22]

Verizon CEO, Ivan Seidenberg, expressed his concerns with network neutrality regulations saying that stricter regulations preventing tiered services ignore "benefits of smart networks." ^[23]

Unfortunately, in recent years, both critics and proponents alike have seen the debate over net neutrality and tiered services become increasingly more partisan.^[24]

References

1. ^ ^{a b} Rouskas, G.N. (2009). Internet tiered services: Theory, economics, and quality of service. New York: Springer.
2. ^ Boliek, Babette (October 2008). "Net Neutrality Regulation in the Mobile Telecommunications Market: A Cautionary Tale from the Era of Price Regulation". 3rd Annual Conference on Empirical Legal Studies Papers: 10. 
3. ^ Feamster, Nick; Lixin Gao, Jennifer Rexford (January 2007). "How to lease the internet in your spare time". ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review 37 (1): 61–64. doi:10.1145/1198255.1198265. 
4. ^ ^{a b c} Surowiecki, James (20 Mar. 2006). "Net Losses; James Surowiecki on the dangers of tiered acces to the Web". The New Yorker. 5 82: 74. http://www.lexisnexis.com.proxy2.cl.msu.edu/hottopics/lnacademic/. Retrieved 14 April 2011. 
5. ^ Choi, Jay; Byung Kim (2010). "Net Neutrality and Investment Incentives". RAND Journal of Economics 41 (3): 446–471. 
6. ^ Kang, Cecilia (28 Sept. 2010). "FCC likely to back tiered pricing, analysts say". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/09/27/AR2010092706514.html?nav=emailpage. Retrieved 13 April 2011. 
7. ^ "Wireless Firms Weigh Metered Pricing". TechWeb. 25 Aug. 2010. http://www.lexisnexis.com.proxy2.cl.msu.edu/lnacui2api/results/docview/docview.do?docLinkInd=true&risb=21_T11726353933&format=GNBFI&sort=RELEVANCE&startDocNo=26&resultsUrlKey=29_T11726800056&cisb=22_T11726800055&treeMax=true&treeWidth=0&csi=295551&docNo=30. Retrieved 14 April 2011. 
8. ^ Hogendorn, Christian (July 2007). "Broaband Internet: net neutrality versus open access". International Economics and Economic Policy 4 (2): 185–208. doi:10.1007/s10368-007-0084-6. 
9. ^ Kocsis, Victoria; Paul Bijl (2008). "Network Neutrality and Competition between Network: a Brief Sketch of the Issues". Intereconomics 43 (1): 15–24. doi:10.1007/s10272-008-0238-y. 
10. ^ Svensson, Peter (19 Nov. 2007). "Comcast Blocks Some Internet Traffic". MSNBC. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21376597/. Retrieved 18 March 2011. 
11. ^ "two tiered Internet". http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/two-tiered-Internet. Retrieved 19 April 2011. 
12. ^ ^{a b} Rouskas, George; Nikhil Baradwaj. On Internet Tiered Service. pp. 1–11. 
13. ^ Fisher, Ken. "AT&T sees benefits to tiered Internet service". http://arstechnica.com/old/content/2006/01/5965.ars. Retrieved 18 March 2011. 
14. ^ "two-tiered internet". 10 July 2006. http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/two-tiered-Internet. Retrieved 15 March 2011. 
15. ^ Felten, Ed (18 Jan. 2006). "How Would Two-Tier Internet Work?e". http://www.freedom-to-tinker.com/blog/felten/how-would-two-tier-internet-work. Retrieved 15 March 2011. 
16. ^ Munchbach, A.. "AT&T hits Reno, NV with tiered broadband trials". http://www.bgr.com/2008/11/05/att-hits-reno-nv-with-tiered-broadband-trials/. Retrieved 15 March 2011. 
17. ^ Manchester, L.B.. "UK online service creates 'two-tiered' Internet, critics allege". http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,14752628,00.html. Retrieved 15 March 2011. 
18. ^ Ziegler, C.. "AT&T makes sweeping changes to data plans, iPhone tethering coming at iOS 4 launch". http://www.engadget.com/2010/06/02/atandt-makes-sweeping-changes-to-data-plans-iphone-tethering-comi/. Retrieved 15 March 2011. 
19. ^ Whitney, L.. "MetroPCS accused of blocking certain Net content". http://news.cnet.com/8301-13578_3-20028252-38.html?part=rss&subj=news&tag=2547-1_3-0-20. Retrieved 1 February 2011. 
20. ^ Lutz, Zachary. "Sprint set to introduce tiered data for mobile broadband, steal candy from children". http://mobile.engadget.com/2011/05/03/sprint-set-to-introduce-tiered-data-for-mobile-broadband-steal/. Retrieved 3 May 2011. 
21. ^ "Verizon reviews LTE price options". Global Telecoms Business. 1. http://www.lexisnexis.com.proxy1.cl.msu.edu/lnacui2api/results/docview/docview.do?docLinkInd=true&risb=21_T11881120914&format=GNBFI&sort=RELEVANCE&startDocNo=1&resultsUrlKey=29_T11881001633&cisb=22_T11881120919&treeMax=true&treeWidth=0&selRCNodeID=20&nodeStateId=411en_US,1&docsInCategory=22&csi=318069&docNo=18. Retrieved 4 May 2011. 
22. ^ Reed, Brad. "Net neutrality vs. tiered services". http://www.networkworld.com/news/2007/102607-arguments-net-neutrality-tiered-services.html. Retrieved 2 May 2011. 
23. ^ Reardon, Marguerite. "Verizon CEO slams Net neutrality". http://news.cnet.com/8301-30686_3-10379932-266.html. Retrieved 2 May 2011. 
24. ^ Hatch, David (14 Apr 2011). "Both Sides Overstate Case on Net Neutrality". National Journal. http://find.galegroup.com.proxy2.cl.msu.edu/gtx/retrieve.do?contentSet=IAC-Documents&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&qrySerId=Locale%28en%2C%2C%29%3AFQE%3D%28SU%2CNone%2C16%29%22net+neutrality%22%24&sgHitCountType=None&inPS=true&sort=DateDescend&searchType=BasicSearchForm&tabID=T002&prodId=AONE&searchId=R2&currentPosition=1&userGroupName=msu_main&docId=A254148127&docType=IAC. Retrieved 4 May 2011.