Guqin playing technique

The playing techniques of the guqin Chinese zither is sometimes called fingerings. There is a large number of techniques employed in playing the qin, but unlike other instruments, these are rather complex and full of symbolism.

Basic sounds

The music of the qin can be categorised as three distinctively different "sounds." The first is "san yin" 〔音〕, which means "scattered sounds." This is produced by plucking the required string to sound an open note Audio|Zheng diao.ogg|Listen. The second is "fan yin" 〔音〕, or "floating sounds." These are harmonics, in which the player lightly touches the string with one or more fingers of the left hand at a position indicated by the "hui" dots, pluck and lift, creating a crisp and clear sound Audio|Fanyin.ogg|Listen. The third is "an yin" 〔音 / 音 / 音 / 音〕, or "stopped sounds." This forms the bulk of most qin pieces and requires the player to press on a string with a finger or thumb of the left hand until it connects with the surface board, then pluck. Afterwards, the musician's hand often slides up and down, thereby modifying the pitch. This technique resembles that of playing a slide guitar across the player's lap, however, the technique of the qin is very varied and utilises the whole hand, whilst a slide guitar only has around 3 or 4 main techniques Audio|PL clip.ogg|Listen to "Pei Lan".

According to the book, "Cunjian Guqin Zhifa Puzi Jilan", there are around 1,070 different finger technqiues used for the qin, with or without names. It is therefore, the only instrument in Chinese music, or even Western music, which uses the most finger techniques ref|GQCT. Most are obsolete, but around 50 or so are sufficient to know in modern practice.

Nails

When plucking the strings, it is not required to attach fake-nails on one's fingers. One will often leave their fingernails long, and cut them into an elliptical shape. The length is subjective and will depend on the player's preference, but it is usually around 3-4mm from the finger tip. If it is too short, then the finger tip will deaden the sound as it touches the string after the nail has plucked it. If it is too long then the fingers can be cumbersome and can impede performance. Generally, the nails of the right hand are kept long, whilst the nails of the left are cut short, so as to be able to press on the strings without hindrance. For people who have brittle fingernails, the "Yugu Zhai Qinpu" has some methods of strengthening them. Unlike other plucked instruments, like guzheng and pipa, plectrums and fake-nails should be avoided. For the guzheng and pipa where one must attack the strings with force, thus, susceptible to fingernail breakage, the qin requires gentle force to play. Also, fake-nails tend to hinder the fingers, or create an unsatisfactory tone, thus it is best to pluck with natural fingernails. That and because one can feel the qin strings better.

Technique

The above four figures are from an old handbook. ref|qintechpics

Right hand

There are eight basic right hand finger techniques: "pi" 〈〉 (thumb pluck outwards), "tuo" 〈〉 (thumb pluck inwards), "mo" 〈〉 (index in), "tiao" 〈〉 (index out), "gou" 〈〉 (middle in), "ti" 〈〉 (middle out), "da" 〈〉 (ring in), and "zhai" 〈〉 (ring out); the little finger is not used. Out of these basic eight, their combinations create many. "Cuo" 〈〉 is to pluck two strings at the same time, "lun" 〈/轮〉 is to pluck a string with the ring, middle and index finger out in quick succession, the "suo" 〈/锁〉 technique involves plucking a string several times in a fixed rhythm, "bo" 〈/拔〉 cups the fingers and attacks two strings at the same time, and "gun fu" 〈〉 is to create glissandi by running up and down the strings continuously with the index and middle fingers. These are just a few.

Left hand

Left hand techniques start from the simple pressing down on the string (mostly with the thumb between the flesh and nail, and the ring finger), sliding up or down to the next note ("shang" 〈〉 and "xia" 〈〉), to vibrati by swaying the hand ("yin" 〈〉 and "nao" 〈〉, there are as many as 15 plus different forms of vibrato), plucking the string with the thumb whilst the ring finger stops the string at the lower position ("qiaqi" 〈 / 起〉), hammering on a string using the thumb ("yan" 〈 / 〉), to more difficult techniques such as pressing on several strings at the same time.

Both hands

Techniques executed by both hands in tandem are more difficult to achieve, like "qia cuo san sheng" 〈掐撮三聲/掐撮三声〉 (a combination of hammering on and off then plucking two strings, then repeating), to more stylised forms, like pressing of all seven strings with the left, then strumming all the strings with the right, then the left hand quickly moves up the qin, creating a rolling sound like a bucket of water being thrown in a deep pool of water (this technique is used in the Shu style of "Liu Shui" to imitate the sound of water). ref|qintech

Other issues

In order to master the qin, there are in excess of 50 different techniques that must be mastered. Even the most commonly used (such as "tiao") are difficult to get right without proper instruction from a teacher. Also, certain techniques vary from teacher to teacher and school to school. ref|difftech

There are also a lot of obsolete fingerings and notation that are rarely used in modern tablature. There are now new books that have began to be published about these fingerings and notation as Qin culture and study gains momentum. ref|newnotation

References

:"Please see:" References section in the guqin article for a full list of references used in all qin related articles.

Footnotes

# Guo, Ping. "Guqin Congtan" 【古琴丛谈】. Page 112.
# Zhang, He. "Qinxue Rumen" 【琴學入門】. Volume 1, leaves 39, 40, 43 and 47.
# Wu, Jinglüe and Wenguang. "Yushan Wushi Qinpu" 【虞山吴氏琴谱】 "The Qin Music Repertoire of the Wu Family". Pages 507-526.
# Wang, Binglu. "Mei'an Qinpu" 【楳盦珡諩】. Volume 1 leaves 18-24.
# Yao, Bingyan and Huang, Shuzhi. "Tangdai Chen Zhuo Lun Guqin Zhifa: Yao Bingyan Qinxue Zhu Shu zhi Yi" 【唐代陳拙論古琴指法‧姚丙炎琴學著述之一】.