Cello Concerto (Tchaikovsky)

The Cello Concerto of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky is a conjectural work based in part on a 60-bar fragment found on the back of the rough draft for the last movement of the composer's Sixth Symphony, the "Pathétique". In 2006, Ukrainian composer and cellist Yuriy Leonovich and Tchaikovsky researcher Brett Langston (co-author of "The Tchaikovsky Handbook") completed the work.

This work is not to be confused with the Cello Concerto in E Major that cellist Gaspar Cassadó arranged in 1940 from some of Tchaikovsky's Op. 72 piano works. Leonovich, however, cites his learning of the Cassadó arrangement as an inspiration for his own work. [ [http://www.tchaikovsky-research.org/en/features/article004.html Tchaikovsky Research : Tchaikovsky's Cello Concerto ] ] [No commercial recording of the Cassadó arrangement has so far been made and the score is currently out-of-print.]

Structure

#"Allegro maestoso ("B Minor") - Sonata form
#:60-bar sketch is used as the first theme. Rest of the movement, including the second theme, is all new.
#"Andante" ("G Major") - Ternary form
#:Sketch of the slow movement from Andante and Finale for piano and orchestra.
#"Allegro vivo"-"Meno mosso"-"Presto" ("B Minor") - Rondo form
#:Russian folk song "Our Wine Cellar" is used as a first theme, and an 8-bar sketch to the unfinished "Cello Sonata" as the second theme.

History

Tchaikovsky wrote to Léonce Détroyat on 20 June 1888 that he had promised to write concertos for piano, violin, cello and flute to several artists, including two in Paris—pianist Louis Diémer and flautist Claude-Paul Taffanel. By 1893, this list of projects also included an eleventh opera [This opera might have been based on "Romeo and Juliet". This was a long-standing project the composer had wished to tackle, on a subject for which he had already written a fantasy-overture much earlier in his career.] . Odessan journalist V. P. Sokol'nikov remembered that during a visit to Odessa in early 1893, Tchaikovsky played through some sketches with cellist Vladimir Alois. However, nothing to confirm this account has yet come to light.

We do know that in October 1893, Tchaikovsky invited cellists Anatoliy Brandukov and Julian Poplavsky to his home in Klin. He also asked Brandukov to bring the score for Camille Saint-Saens' First Cello Concerto so he could study it. Tchaikovsky had been scheduled to conduct this work in St. Petersburg with Brandukov as soloist. When the three men sat down to play the concerto, Poplavsky remembered being so surprised at the extreme out-of-tune-ness of Tchaikovsky's piano that his hands "involuntarily jumped from the keys."Holden, Anthony, "Tchaikovsky: A Biography" (New York: Random House, 1995), 348.] The only way they managed playing the concerto was by "rooting out the most unsuitable keys."Holden, Anthony, "Tchaikovsky: A Biography" (New York: Random House, 1995), 348.]

During this visit, Poplavsky and Brandukov took advantage of their host's good spirits. They asked him to write them a cello concerto. Tchaikovsky said, "Why don't you play my [Variations on a Rococo Theme|Variations [on a Rococo Theme] ?"Poplavsky, Julian, "Последний день П. И. Чайковского в Клину" [Tchaikovsky's last days at Klin] , first published in the journal Artist (1894), No. 42, pp. 116-120.] Poplavsky mentioned the difficulty of offering the variations, and short cello pieces in general, instead of a full-length concerto. "You don't have to play in order to be annoying," Tchaikovsky joked"Poplavsky, Julian, "Последний день П. И. Чайковского в Клину" [Tchaikovsky's last days at Klin] , first published in the journal Artist (1894), No. 42, pp. 116-120.] —but he also promised he would write a cello concerto. [During this visit Tchaikovsky also told Poplavsky that he expected during October to write a flute concerto, a piece which he had already conceived, for Taffanel. After the composer’s death, some very short sketches for this work were found among his manuscripts.] Within a month, however, the composer would be dead.

Yuri Leonovich first heard of the Tchaikovsky Cello Concerto when he was 16 years old. Intrigued to find out more about the work, he learned the composer had never completed it. Continuing his research, Leonovich discovered Brett Langston’s web site about Tchaikovsky. This site included a comprehensive list of all works by the composer, both sketched and realized. Correspondence with Langston led Leonovich to the 60-measure sketch Tchaikovsky had left and encouraged him to complete the work.

What Tchaikovsky Left

Allegro Maestoso

First Theme

The fragment Tchaikovsky left after his death, found in the "Cajkovskij-Symposium" and published by Schott, ["Internationales Cajkovskij-Symposium Tübingen 1993: Bericht" (1995): 285-286] is more than 60 bars long. Much of the material has been crossed out. Since it was found on four sides of the rough draft of the Sixth Symphony, it has been previously thought to be the original opening of the symphony's finale. The music is notated on three systems, with the melody being noted on the upper system with the bass clef. The style is of genuine violin music. Nevertheless, the general character of this music, with orchestral accompaniment written on the two systems below it, infers that this fragment actually belongs to the cello concerto Tchaikovsky had promised to write.

No letters or commentary is currently available to show how Tchaikovsky would have structured this work. As Brett Langston has mentioned, however, in other works such as the "Pathétique", Tchaikovsky's sketches often began with the main theme or themes, with the introductory material added at a later stage.

Andante

As for the central "andante", though Tchaikovsky's friend Sergei Taneyev arranged it for piano and orchestra after the composer's death, Tchaikovsky himself had left no indication as to how or whether to use this music; it was simply a discard from his abandoned Symphony in E flat, written prior to the "Pathétique". Both Taneyev and Modest Tchaikovsky questioned at some length how the work should be presented—as an independent concert piece, as part of a two-movement concerto-type work, or in purely orchestral form. Also, once he and Modest decided how to proceed, Taneyev employed a solo cello in concert with the piano soloist, reminiscent of the "triple concerto" passages in the Second Piano Concerto. Therefore, using this music for solo cello and orchestra might not seem against the composer's intent.

Allegro Vivo—Meno Mosso—Presto

First Theme

Though there is no idea whether Tchaikovsky would have used the Russian folk song "Our Wine Cellar" [Винный нашь колодезь] which opens this movement, he was at least familiar with it, having arranged it for piano 4-hands as No. 29 of his "Fifty Russian Folk-Songs" (1868-69).

Second Theme

An eight-bar theme in G major, found in one of the composer's notebooks, became the second theme of the concluding "rondo". Headed "Allegro (idea for sonata with cello)," this theme is dated 24 November 1891.

Leonovich's Contribution

Allegro Maestoso

Introduction and Second Theme

While Tchaikovsky wrote the first theme of the "Allegro maestoso", Leonovich precedes it with a 12-bar introduction of his own devising. Leonovich also wrote a passive second theme to complement the opening motive. The second theme is in G major, which Leonovich considers a likely key relationship for Tchaikovsky to have used since Tchaikovsky wrote the first theme in B minor.

Development

With no apparent clues left by Tchaikovsky as to how he would have developed this movement, Leonovich also takes the development into his own hands, following a linear pattern similar to that in the Fourth Symphony and Second Piano Concerto. Exploring the mediant area Leonovich calls typical of Romantic composers, he allows the music to move to D major instead of B major in the recapitulation. He says he also made this decision for practical reasons, the keys of A, D and G being the brightest-sounding areas of the cello.

Allegro Vivo—Meno Mosso—Presto

Leonovich says he develops the concluding rondo in typical Tchaikovsky style, with key areas of B minor and G major and, in the recapitulation, B minor and A Major. The development is very unstable key-wise. The coda restates the second theme in B major, in a much slower tempo, but then accelerates to round off the piece in B major.

Notes

References

*Brown, David, "Tchaikovsky: The Final Years" (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1992) ISBN: 0-393-03099-7
*Holden, Anthony, "Tchaikovsky: A Biography" (New York: Random House, 1995). ISBN: 0-679-42006-1
*Poplavsky, Julian, "Последний день П. И. Чайковского в Клину" [Tchaikovsky's last days at Klin] , first published in the journal Artist (1894), No. 42, pp. 116-120
*Poznansky, Alexander and Langston, Brett, "The Tchaikovsky Handbook" (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2002). ISBN: 0-253-33921-9
* [http://www.tchaikovsky-research.org/en/features/article004.html Article on the completed Cello Concerto]
* [http://www.tchaikovsky-research.org Tchaikovsky-Research.org]