- Gates of horn and ivory
The gates of horn and ivory are, in the earliest recorded instances of the use of the image, the portals through which dreams, true or false, come.
In the Odyssey
The earliest appearance of the image is in the
Odyssey , book 19, lines 560-569. TherePenelope , who has just recounted a dream that seems to signify that her husbandOdysseus is about to return, expresses her conviction that the dream is false. She says::Stranger, dreams verily are baffling and unclear of meaning, and in no wise do they find fulfilment in all things for men. For two are the gates of shadowy dreams, and one is fashioned of "horn" and one of "ivory". Those dreams that pass through the gate of sawn "ivory deceive" men, bringing words that find no "fulfilment". But those that come forth through the gate of polished "horn bring" true issues "to pass", when any mortal sees them. But in my case it was not from thence, methinks, that my strange dream came. [Translation from the [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Hom.+Od.+19.544 Loeb Classical Library edition] . The original text is::Ξειν’, ἦ τοι μὲν ὄνειροι ἀμήχανοι ἀκριτόμυθοι:γίγνοντ’, οὐδέ τι πάντα τελείεται ἀνθρώποισι.:δοιαὶ γάρ τε πύλαι ἀμενηνῶν εἰσὶν ὀνείρων·:αἱ μὲν γὰρ κεράεσσι τετεύχαται, αἱ δ' ἐλέφαντι,:τῶν οἳ μέν κ’ ἔλθωσι διὰ πριστοῦ ἐλέφαντος,:οἵ ῥ’ ἐλεφαίρονται, ἔπε’ ἀκράαντα φέροντες·:οἱ δὲ διὰ ξεστῶν κεράων ἔλθωσι θύραζε,:οἵ ῥ’ ἔτυμα κραίνουσι, βροτῶν ὅτε κέν τις ἴδηται.:ἀλλ’ ἐμοὶ οὐκ ἐντεῦθεν ὀΐομαι αἰνὸν ὄνειρον:ἐλθέμεν·]The translator of the
Loeb Classical Library edition of the Odyssey comments::The play upon the words κέρας, "horn", and κραίνω, "fulfil", and upon ἐλέφας, "ivory", and ἐλεφαίρομαι, "deceive", cannot be preserved in English. [Homer: The Odyssey, II (The Loeb Classical Library. First printed 1919; Reprinted 1925, 1928, 1931, 1940, 1942, 1946, 1953, 1960, 1966, 1975, 1980; American ISBN 0-674-99117-6; British ISBN 0-434-99105-8), p. 269]In the Aeneid
Virgil borrowed the image of the two gates in lines 893-898 of Book 6 of his "Aeneid ", describing that of horn as the passageway for true shadows [In the original, "veris umbris", but translated by Dryden as "true visions"] and that of ivory as that through which theManes in the underworld send false dreams up to the living. [altera candenti perfecta nitens elephanto,
sed falsa ad caelum mittunt insomnia Manes.] Through the latter gate Virgil makes his heroAeneas , accompanied by theCumaean Sibyl , return from his visit to the underworld, where he has met, among others, his dead fatherAnchises :Two gates the silent house of Sleep adorn;
Of polish'd ivory this, that of transparent horn:
True visions thro' transparent horn arise;
Thro' polish'd ivory pass deluding lies.
Of various things discoursing as he pass'd,
Anchises hither bends his steps at last.
Then, thro' the gate of iv'ry, he dismiss'd
His valiant offspring and divining guest. [The [http://classics.mit.edu/Virgil/aeneid.6.vi.html translation] given here is byJohn Dryden (cf. [http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Aeneid/Book_VI?match=la Wikisource] ). The original text is::Sunt geminae Somni portae, quarum altera fertur:cornea, qua veris facilis datur exitus umbris;:altera candenti perfecta nitens elephanto,:sed falsa ad caelum mittunt insomnia Manes.:his ubi tum natum Anchises unaque Sibyllam:prosequitur dictis portaque emittit eburna ...]Why Virgil has Aeneas return through the ivory gate (whence pass deluding lies) ["falsa insomnia" (literally, false dreams)] and not through that of horn is uncertain. One theory is that it refers to the time of night at which he returned. [Nicholas Reed, " [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0009-8388(197311)2%3A23%3A2%3C311%3ATGOSIA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-9 The Gates of Sleep in Aeneid 6] ", The Classical Quarterly, New Series, Vol. 23, No. 2 (Nov., 1973), pp. 311-315]
Jorge Luis Borges suggested that Virgil meant that what we call reality is not in fact such. [ [http://www.greylodge.org/occultreview/glor_012/nightmares.htm Nightmares] ]In Statius
In his "Silvae" V iii 285-290, a lament for his dead father, the poet Publius Papinius Statius, expresses the wish that his father may come to him from the abode of the dead in the form of a true dream, passing therefore through the gate of horn:
Thence mayst thou pass to where the better gate of horn o'ercomes the envious ivory, and in the semblance of a dream teach me what thou wert wont to teach. [English translation by J. H. Mozley - Loeb Classic Library (Harvard University Press). Statius's words are::inde tamen venias, melior qua porta malignum:cornea vincit ebur, somnique in imagine monstra,:quae solitus.]
Other uses
The gates of horn and ivory also appear in
Neil Gaiman 's comic book series "The Sandman";Robert Holdstock 's novel "Gate of Ivory, Gate of Horn", as part of hisMythago Wood fantasy cycle; and in a short story byE. M. Forster , "The Other Side of the Hedge ". In the Holdstock novel, the main character grapples with a traumatic event that has two very different manifestations, one true and one false. The reference from Forster comes when the main character of the story observes the two gates; "The Other Side of the Hedge" is usually read as a metaphor of death andHeaven .References
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