Battle of Tamai

Infobox Military Conflict
conflict= Battle of Tamai
partof=Mahdist War, 1881-1899


caption="An incident at the Battle of Tamai, eastern Sudan, March 13,1884" by Godfrey Douglas Giles
date= March 13, 1884
place= Tamai, near Suakin, Eastern Sudan
casus=
territory=
result= British victory
combatant1=
combatant2= Mahdist Sudan
commander1= Sir Gerald Graham
commander2= Osman Digna
strength1= 4,500 troops, 22 guns, 6 machine-guns
strength2= 10,000 troops
casualties1= 120 killed
casualties2= 4,000 killed
casualties3=
notes=The Battle of Tamai (or Tamanieh) took place on March 13, 1884 between a British force under Sir Gerald Graham and a Mahdist Sudanese army led by Osman Digna. The British were victorious, at the cost of heavy losses.

Despite his earlier victory at El Teb, Graham realised that Osman Digna's force was far from broken and that he still enjoyed support among the local population. Accordingly, a second expedition departed from Suakin on 10 March in order to defeat the Mahdists definitively.

The force was composed of the same units that had fought at El Teb: 4,500 men, with 22 guns and 6 machine guns. The Mahdists had roughly 10,000 men, most of them belonging to Osman Digna's Hadendoa tribe (known to British soldiers as "Fuzzy Wuzzies").

The battle

On the night of the 12th the British formed an encampment, not far from Osman Digna's positions. From around 1 o'clock until dawn, Mahdist riflemen approached the camp and opened fire, but their shooting was imprecise, and they inflicted few casualties.

At dawn, the artillery was brought to bear against the Mahdist skirmishers and they were driven back. The infantry (which included the Black Watch) then formed into two infantry squares each of brigade-size and advanced. One square was commanded by Colonel Davis, with General Graham, and the other by Colonel Buller. A scouting party discovered that the main body of the Mahdist force was hidden in a nearby ravine, whereupon General Graham ordered the 42nd Black Watch to charge, leaving a wide gap where they had been stationed in one of the squares. A sudden onslaught of Mahdists rushed into this gap. Finding themselves in danger of being cut off, the British units fell back in disarray.

The Mahdist advance was halted by volleys from the other (Buller's) square which had survived the attack and by dismounted cavalry units that had not been engaged until then. The concentrated flanking fire they inflicted caused huge casualties among the Mahdists, who were forced to retreat.

The British units then reformed, and resumed their advance, driving the shaken Mahdists out of the ravine and inflicting more casualties on them as they fled. Osman Digna's camp was captured later that day, but Osman Digna escaped.

Aftermath and losses

During this battle, the British suffered more losses than in any other battle of the Mahdist war, 120 soldiers being killed. The Mahdists also suffered heavily, losing 4,000 men.

For their conspicuous bravery during the battle, Private Edwards of the Black Watch and Lieutenant Marling of the KRRC were awarded the Victoria Cross, the highest decoration in the British Army.

The British hoped that this defeat would deal a great blow to Osman Digna's prestige as well as weakening his forces, and that he would lose his hold over the Hadendoa. However this was not the case, and when later that year, Graham's force was withdrawn from Sudan, he gradually recovered his influence. Therefore Graham’s campaign came to be seen purely as a punitive exercise against the Sudanese to restore British military pride.

Winston Churchill, who later participated in the Mahdist war, was critical of the British Government's atittude in Eastern Sudan:

:"The slaughter " [Baker's defeat at El Teb] " was complete. The British Government resolved to add to it. The garrisons they had refused to rescue they now determined to avenge."

:"But as they" [Graham's force] " fought without reason, they conquered without profit." [Churchill, Winston S. (1952), "The river war - an account of the Reconquest of the Sudan", Eyre and Spottiswoode, London.]

It has been suggested [Anglo-Sudan War at [http://www.wartimesindex.co.uk/infopage.php?menu=wars&display=EgyptAndSudan www.wartimesindex.co.uk] ] that the objective of British operations in that sector was to avert a possible peril to navigation in the Red Sea. If the Mahdists had taken control of the whole of the Sudanese coast, they might have threatened ships travelling to India, thus endangering the British Empire.

References

* Archer Thomas(1885–1887), "The war in Egypt and the Soudan. An episode in the history of the British Empire, being a descriptive account of the scenes and events of that great drama, and sketches of the principal actors in it." 4 Volumes. Blackie & Son, London 1885–1887 (Available at the Cornell University website: [http://historical.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/cul.cdl/docviewer?did=cdl411 Volume 1] , [http://historical.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/cul.cdl/docviewer?did=cdl312 Volume 2] , [http://historical.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/cul.cdl/docviewer?did=cdl311 Volume 3] , [http://historical.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/cul.cdl/docviewer?did=cdl310 Volume 4] )

External links

* http://www.wartimesindex.co.uk/infopage.php?menu=wars&display=EgyptAndSudan