Levee (event)

The Levée is a New Year's Day social event hosted by the Governor General of Canada, the Lieutenant-Governors, military establishments, municipalities and other institutions.

History

The word Levée (from French, originally fem. pp. of "lever" "toraise") originated in the "Levée du Soleil" (Rising of the Sun)of King Louis XIV (1643-1715). It was his custom to receive his male subjects in his bedchamber just after arising, a practice that subsequently spread throughout Europe.

In the 18th century the Levée in Great Britain and Ireland became aformal Court reception given by the Sovereign or his/herrepresentative in the forenoon or early afternoon. In the New World colonies the Levée was held by the Governor acting on behalf of the Monarch. Only men were received at these events.

It was in Canada that the Levée became associated with New Year'sDay. The fur traders had the tradition of paying their respects tothe Master of the Fort (their government representative) on NewYear's Day. This custom was adopted by the Governor General andLieutenant-Governors for their Levées.

The first recorded Levée in Canada was held on January 1, 1646 inthe Chateau St. Louis by Charles Huault de Montmagny, Governor of
New France (later Québec) from 1636 to 1648. In addition to wishing a Happy New Year to the citizens the Governor informed guests of significant events in France as well as the state of affairs within the colony. In turn, the settlers were expected to renew their pledges of allegiance to the Crown.

The Levée tradition was continued by British Colonial Governors inCanada and subsequently by both the Governor General andLieutenant-Governors. It continues to the present day.

As mentioned, the Levée was historically a male preserve but during
World War II Levées were attended by female officers of the
Armed Forces. Since then Levées have been open to both women and men.

In early American history the Levee was a social gathering i.e. The Presidential Levee - established by President George Washington. Washington opened the Presidential mansion weekly to the public - allowing Washington to greet and meet the public. The Presidential Levee was carried forward by several presidents. See External Link - Levee at the Executive Mansion.

Present day

Over the years the Levée has become almost solely a Canadian observance.

Today, Levées are the receptions (usually, but not necessarily, on New Year's Day) held by the Governor General, the Lieutenant-Governors of the Provinces, the military and others, to mark the start of another year and to provide an opportunity for the public to pay their respects.

Most Levées may be attended by any citizen, including children. [Legislative Assembly of Alberta: [http://www.assembly.ab.ca/lao/library/lt-gov/levee.htm New Year's Levee] ] [Rukavina, Peter: [http://ruk.ca/article/1805 I Went to the Levee] , 2004] Attending the Lieutenant Governor's Levée is an annual ritual for some families.

Today the Levée has evolved from the earlier, more boisterous party into a more sedate and informal one. It is an occasion to call upon representatives of the Monarch, military and municipal governments and to exchange New Year's greetings and best wishes for the new year, to renew old acquaintances and to meet new friends. It is also an opportunity to reflect upon the events of the past year and to welcome the opportunities of the New Year.

Today however, the province of Prince Edward Island has maintained a more historical approach to celebrating levee day. All legions and bars are opened on the Island, on New Year's Day offering moosemilk (egg nog and rum), from the early morning until the late night. Though there are still the formal receptions held at Government House and Province House, levee day is not only a formal event. It is something that attracts a large amount of Islanders (and all Islanders know what a levee is), which is quite unusual in comparison to the other provinces where it has gradually become more subdued.

The Historic Town of Niagara-on-the-Lake (the first capital of Upper Canada) holds a Levee complete with firing of a cannon at Navy Hall (an historic building close to Fort George) The Levee is well attended by town's people and visitors. Toasts are made to the Queen, Our Beloved Canada, The Canadian Armed Forces, Veterans, Our Fallen Comrades, as well as Our American Friends and Neighbours (this final toast would not have been made almost 200 years ago). Greetings are brought from all levels of government and it is a great community event.

Refreshments

As has the Levée itself, refreshments served at Levées have undergonechanges sa.df(both in importance and variety) over the years.

In colonial times, when the formalities of the Levée had beencompleted, guests were treated to wine and cheeses from thehomeland. Wines did not travel well during the long ocean voyage toCanada. To make the cloudy and somewhat sour wine more palatable itwas heated with alcohol and spices. The concoction came to be known as"Le Sang du Caribou" ("Moose Blood").

Under British Colonial rule the wine in "Le Sang du Caribou" wasreplaced with whisky (which travelled better). This was then mixedwith goat's milk and flavoured with nutmeg and cinnamon to produce anAnglicized version called "Moose Milk". Today's versions of MooseMilk, in addition to whisky (or rum) and spices may use a combination ofegg-nog and ice-cream, as well as other alcoholic supplements. The exact recipes used by specific groups may be jealously guarded secrets. q.v. External links.

Refreshments were clearly an important element in the New Year'sfestivities. A report of the New Year's Levée held in Brandon House in
Manitoba in 1797 indicated that "... in the morning the Canadians (men of the North West Company) make the House and Yard ring with saluting (the firing of rifles). The House then filled with them when they all got a dram each"."
Simpson's Athabasca Journal reports that on January 1, 1821, "the Festivities of the New Year commenced at four o'clock this morning when the people honoured me with a salute of fire arms, and in half an hour afterwards the whole Inmates of our Garrison assembled in the hall dressed out in their best clothes, and were regaled in a suitable manner with a few flaggon's Rum and some Cakes. A full allowance of Buffaloe meat was served out to them and a pint of spirits for each man."

When residents called upon the Governor to pay their respects they expected a party. In 1856 on Vancouver Island, there was "an almighty row" when the Colonial Governor's Levée was not to the attendees' liking.

Municipalities with Levees

* Brampton, Ontario
* Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island
* Edmonton, Alberta
* Esquimalt, British Columbia
* Halifax, Nova Scotia
* Hamilton, Ontario
* Kingston, Ontario
* Kitchener, Ontario
* Langford, British Columbia [ [http://www.navy.forces.gc.ca/marpac/news/marpac_news_e.asp?id=943 Canada's Navy: MARPAC - Maritime Forces Pacific ] ]
* Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario
* North Saanich, British Columbia
* Oak Bay, British Columbia
* Oshawa, Ontario
* Owen Sound, Ontario
* Redwater, Alberta
* Saanich, British Columbia
* Shelburne, Nova Scotia
* St. Catharines, Ontario
* Toronto, Ontario
* Victoria, British Columbia
* Windsor, Ontario

Military Levées

The Levée has a long tradition in the Canadian Forces as one of theactivities associated with New Year's Day. Military commandersgarrisoned throughout Canada held local Levées since, as CommissionedOfficers, they were expected to act on behalf of the Crown on suchoccasions.

On Vancouver Island (the base for the Royal Navy's Pacific Fleet), Levées began in the 1840s.

Today, members of the various Canadian Forces units and headquartersacross Canada receive and greet visiting military and civilian guestson the first day of the new year.

In military messes, refreshments take a variety of forms: Moose Milk (with rum often substituted for whisky); the special flaming punch of the Royal Canadian Hussars of Montreal; the Atholl Brose of the Seaforth Highlanders of Vancouver.

Fictional references

In literary fiction, Levées form an important background to plotdevelopment in Neal Stephenson's Baroque Cycle trilogy.

External links

*Roberts, J. Michael: [http://www.ltgov.bc.ca/whatsnew/mr/mr_levee_origin.htm New Year's Day Levée] , 1997.
* [http://www.google.ca/search?q=canada+new+year%27s+day+levee Google Search for "Canada New Year's Day Levee]
* [http://www.cooks.com/rec/search/0,1-0,moose_milk,FF.html Moose Milk Recipes] at Cooks.com
* [http://www.myhamilton.ca/NR/rdonlyres/08F7DD42-43E8-449D-90DF-92400A205381/0/MayorEisenbergerLevee2007.pdf Levee in Hamilton, Ontario]
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=9NQAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA168&lpg=PA168&dq=social+gathering+levee&source=web&ots=Rtx5KGuNkL&sig=q-3WuyEf7tfu-WJk82GhZtPesbc Levee at the Executive Mansion]

Notes