Southern Manifesto

Southern Manifesto

The "Southern Manifesto" was a document written in February-March 1956 by legislators in the United States Congress opposed to racial integration in public places.cite journal |last=Badger |first=Tony |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1999 |month=June |title=Southerners Who Refused to Sign the Southern Manifesto |journal= The Historical Journal |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=517–534 |id= |url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0018-246X%28199906%2942%3A2%3C517%3ASWRTST%3E2.0.CO%3B2-W |accessdate= 2007-08-10 |quote= |doi=10.1017/S0018246X98008346 ] The manifesto was signed by 99 Democrats and 2 Republicans (101 politicians) from Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia. The document was largely drawn up to counter the landmark Supreme Court 1954 ruling "Brown v. Board of Education", which integrated public schools. The initial version was written by Strom Thurmond and the final version mainly by Richard Russell.cite journal| date = March 26 1956 | title = The Southern Manifesto | journal = Time Magazine | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,824106,00.html | accessdate = 2007-08-10 ] The manifesto was signed by 19 Senators and 81 members of the House of Representatives, including the entire congressional delegations of the states of Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina and Virginia. All of the signatories were Southern Democrats but two: Republicans Joel Broyhill and Richard Poff of Virginia. School segregation laws were some of the most enduring and best-known of the Jim Crow laws that characterized the American South and several northern states at the time.

The Southern Manifesto accused the Supreme Court of "clear abuse of judicial power." It further promised to use "all lawful means to bring about a reversal of this decision which is contrary to the Constitution and to prevent the use of force in its implementation." [ Grand Expectations The United States, 1945-1974 (1996) page 398 ]

Key Quotes

"The unwarranted decision of the Supreme Court in the public school cases is now bearing the fruit always produced when men substitute naked power for established law."

"The original Constitution does not mention education. Neither does the 14th Amendment nor any other amendment. The debates preceding the submission of the 14th Amendment clearly show that there was no intent that it should affect the system of education maintained by the States."

"This unwarranted exercise of power by the Court, contrary to the Constitution, is creating chaos and confusion in the States principally affected. It is destroying the amicable relations between the white and Negro races that have been created through 90 years of patient effort by the good people of both races. It has planted hatred and suspicion where there has been heretofore friendship and understanding."

ignatories and Non-Signatories

In many southern States, signing was much more common than not signing. Those from southern States who refused to sign are noted below. Refusal to sign occurred most prominently among the Texan and Tennessee delegations, where the majority of members of the United States House of Representatives refused to sign.

United States Senate

* John Sparkman (D-Alabama)
* Lister Hill (D-Alabama)
* William Fulbright (D-Arkansas)
* John L. McClellan (D-Arkansas)
* George A. Smathers (D-Florida)
* Spessard Holland (D-Florida)
* Walter F. George (D-Georgia)
* Richard B. Russell (D-Georgia)
* Allen J. Ellender (D-Louisiana)
* Russell B. Long (D-Louisiana)
* James O. Eastland (D-Mississippi)
* John Stennis (D-Mississippi)
* Samuel Ervin (D-North Carolina)
* W. Kerr Scott (D-North Carolina)
* Strom Thurmond (D-South Carolina)
* Olin D. Johnston (D-South Carolina)
* Price Daniel (D-Texas)
* Harry F. Byrd (D-Virginia)
* A. Willis Robertson (D-Virginia)

Non-Signatories:

*Albert Gore, Sr. (D-Tennessee)
*Estes Kefauver (D-Tennessee)
*Lyndon B. Johnson (D-Texas) (Senate Majority Leader at the time, Johnson was not asked to sign the document.)

United States House of Representatives

Alabama:

* George W. Andrews (D)
* Frank W. Boykin (D)
* Carl Elliott (D)
* George M. Grant (D)
* George Huddleston, Jr. (D)
* Robert E. Jones (D)
* Albert Rains (D)
* Kenneth A. Roberts (D)
* Armistead Selden (D)

Arkansas:

* E.C. Gathings (D)
* Oren Harris (D)
* Brooks Hays (D)
* Wilbur D. Mills (D)
* W.F. Norrell (D)
* James William Trimble (D)

Florida:

* Charles Edward Bennett (D)
* James A. Haley (D)
* Albert Herlong, Jr. (D)
* D.R. "Billy" Matthews (D)
* Paul G. Rogers (D)
* Robert L. F. Sikes (D)

Non-Signatories:

* Dante Fascell (D)
* William Cramer (R)

Georgia:

* Iris F. Blitch (D)
* Paul Brown (D)
* James C. Davis (D)
* John James Flynt, Jr. (D)
* E.L. Forrester (D)
* Phil M. Landrum (D)
* Henderson Lanham (D)
* John L. Pilcher (D)
* Prince H. Preston (D)
* Carl Vinson (D)

Louisiana:

* Hale Boggs (D)
* Overton Brooks (D)
* F. Edward Hebert (D)
* George S. Long (D)
* James H. Morrison (D)
* Otto E. Passman (D)
* T. Ashton Thompson (D)
* Edwin E. Willis (D)

Mississippi:

* Thomas G. Abernethy (D)
* William M. Colmer (D)
* Frank E. Smith (D)
* Jamie L. Whitten (D)
* John Bell Williams (D)
* Arthur Winstead (D)

North Carolina:

* Hugh Q. Alexander (D)
* Graham A. Barden (D)
* Herbert C. Bonner (D)
* Frank Carlyle (D)
* Carl Durham (D)
* Lawrence Fountain (D)
* Woodrow W. Jones (D)
* George A. Shuford (D)

Non-Signatories:

* Richard Chatham (D)
* Harold Cooley (D)
* Charles Deane (D)
* Charles Jonas (R)

South Carolina:

* Robert T. Ashmore (D)
* W.J. Bryan Dorn (D)
* John L. McMillan (D)
* James P. Richards (D)
* John J. Riley (D)
* L. Mendel Rivers (D)

Tennessee:

* Jere Cooper (D)
* Clifford Davis (D)
* James B. Frazier, Jr. (D)
* Tom Murray (D)

Non-Signatories:

* Howard Baker, Sr. (R)
* Ross Bass (D)
* Joe Evins (D)
* Percy Priest (D)
* B. Carroll Reece (R)

Texas:
* Wright Patman (D)
* John Dowdy (D)
* Walter Rogers (D)
* O. C. Fisher (D)
* Martin Dies, Jr. (D)

Non-Signatories:

* Jack Brooks (D)
* Brady Gentry (D)
* Sam Rayburn (D)
* Bruce Alger (R)
* Olin E. Teague (D)
* Albert Thomas (D)
* Clark W. Thompson (D)
* Homer Thornberry (D)
* William Poage (D)
* Jim Wright (D)
* Frank Ikard (D)
* John J. Bell (D)
* Joe Madison Kilgore (D)
* J. T. Rutherford (D)
* Omar Burleson (D)
* George Mahon (D)
* Paul Kilday (D)

Virginia:
* Edward J. Robeson, Jr. (D)
* Porter Hardy (D)
* J. Vaughan Gary (D)
* Watkins M. Abbitt (D)
* William M. Tuck (D)
* Richard Harding Poff (R)
* Burr Harrison (D)
* Howard W. Smith (D)
* W. Pat Jennings (D)
* Joel T. Broyhill (R)

References

ee also

* American Civil Rights Movement
* Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
* Brown vs. Board of Education
* 1957 Georgia Memorial to Congress

External links

* [http://www.strom.clemson.edu/strom/manifesto.html Manifesto text and signers from the Congressional Record]


Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Поможем решить контрольную работу

Look at other dictionaries:

  • Southern Manifesto — Das Southern Manifesto war ein Protestschreiben gegen die Rassenintegration an den öffentlichen Einrichtungen in den Vereinigten Staaten.[1] Es wurde im Frühjahr 1956 von 96 Politikern aus Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana,… …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Southern Manifesto — Le Southern Manifesto (« Manifeste du Sud ») est un texte rédigé en février et mars 1956 par des membres du Congrès des États Unis (représentants et sénateurs) afin d exprimer leur opposition à l intégration raciale dans les lieux… …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Manifesto — For other uses, see Manifesto (disambiguation). A manifesto is a public declaration of principles and intentions, often political in nature. Manifestos relating to religious belief are generally referred to as creeds. Manifestos may also be life… …   Wikipedia

  • Southern United States — The Southern United States mdash;commonly referred to as the American South, Dixie, or simply the South mdash;constitutes a large distinctive region in the southeastern and south central United States. Because of the region s unique cultural and… …   Wikipedia

  • Southern Agrarians — The Southern Agrarians (also known as the Twelve Southerners, the Vanderbilt Agrarians, the Nashville Agrarians, the Tennessee Agrarians, or the Fugitive Agrarians) were a group of twelve American writers, poets, essayists, and novelists, all… …   Wikipedia

  • Southern Rhodesian sweepstakes referendum, 1934 — The Southern Rhodesia sweepstakes referendum of February 1934 saw the voters of Southern Rhodesia vote to permit the running of sweepstakes gambling under strict legislative control , managed by the government of the colony.BackgroundThe… …   Wikipedia

  • Ostend Manifesto — Pierre Soulé, the driving force behind the Ostend Manifesto Events leading to …   Wikipedia

  • Conservative Manifesto — The Conservative Manifesto (officially titled An Address to the People of the United States ) was a position statement drafted in 1937 by a bipartisan coalition of conservative politicians. Those involved in its creation included opponents of… …   Wikipedia

  • Communist Manifesto — (1848)    A pamphlet originally published in London in 1848 as a declaration of principles and objectives of the Communist League, a clandestine organization of expatriate German artisans and intellectuals. In 1847, the Communist League… …   Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 1800–1914

  • The Redneck Manifesto (band) — The Redneck Manifesto are an instrumental rock band from Dublin, Ireland.HistoryThe Redneck Manifesto formed in August 1998 as a four piece comprising of members of several prominent Dublin bands Niall Byrne came from Jackbeast , Richie Egan from …   Wikipedia

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”