Bystrzyca Kłodzka

Infobox Settlement
name = Bystrzyca Kłodzka

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imagesize = 250px
image_caption = Town panorama
image_shield = POL Bystrzyca Kłodzka COA.svg
pushpin_

pushpin_label_position = bottom
subdivision_type = Country
subdivision_name = POL
subdivision_type1 = Voivodeship
subdivision_name1 = Lower Silesian
subdivision_type2 = County
subdivision_name2 = Kłodzko
subdivision_type3 = Gmina
subdivision_name3 = Bystrzyca Kłodzka
leader_title = Mayor
leader_name = Renata Lucyna Surma
established_title = Established
established_date = 11th century
established_title3 = Town rights
established_date3 = 13th century
area_total_km2 = 10.74
population_as_of = 2006
population_total = 10638
population_density_km2 = auto
timezone = CET
utc_offset = +1
timezone_DST = CEST
utc_offset_DST = +2
latd = 50 | latm = 18 | lats = | latNS = N | longd = 16 | longm = 39 | longs = | longEW = E
elevation_m = 340
postal_code_type = Postal code
postal_code = 57-500
area_code = +48 74
blank_name = Car plates
blank_info = DKL
website = http://www.bystrzycaklodzka.pl

Bystrzyca Kłodzka [IPA-pl|b|y|s|'|t|sz|y|c|a|-|'|k|ł|o|c|k|a] ( _de. Habelschwerdt, _cs. Kladská Bystřice) is a city in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship in Poland. It is famous for its historical buildings and is a tourist centre. It has a population of 12,000 and is located on the Nysa Kłodzka and Nysa Łomnicka rivers.

Geography

Bystrzyca Kłodzka lies near the Kłodzko Valley, at the feet of Sudetes. It is located at the junction of Nysa Kłodzka and Bystrzyca Łomnicka rivers.

History

The area of today's Bystrzyca Kłodzka has been inhabited at least for 6 millennia. During the times of the Roman Empire the Celts have established numerous permanent settlements in the area of Glatz Kłodzko on the Amber Road. There are also numerous archaeological excavations of Lusatian culture remnants in the area.

The German town of Habelschwerdt was founded by Gallus of Lämberg (Havel of Markvartice) next to a Slavic village on the trade route leading through the Sudetes in mid-13th century. It was granted the so-called Western Law (a variant of the Magdeburg Law). On July 4, 1319, John of Luxemburg, king of the Romans (of Holy Roman Empire), later king of Bohemia, granted the village vast autonomy and a right to construct city walls. The first noted mayor of Habelschwerdt was Jakob Rücker. The town was constructed almost from scratch. First the city walls were erected with three gates and several towers. Then the Market Square was planned on a slope and the Mayor House was constructed. Most of the Gothic architecture was preserved and the town is now considered one of the classical examples of Mediaeval architecture. The town started to grow rapidly. It was granted with several other privileges, among them the right to trade with salt, spices and fabric.

The town initially belonged to the "Grafschaft Glatz" Duchy of Kłodzko, a fief of Bohemia. It shared the fate of the nearby city of "Glatz" Kłodzko and developed rapidly until the advent of the Hussite Wars in 15th century. The wars left the town depopulated by plagues, partially burnt and demolished by several consecutive floods. In 1475 a great fire destroyed the town completely. In 1567 the area became a fief of the Habsburg dynasty, though the local dukes retained their powers. It was not until 16th century when the local economy went back on tracks. Both Habelschwerdt and the surrounding villages were gradually repopulated, mostly with settlers from Central Germany and Lesser Poland. Because of major Lutheran influences it became one of the regional centres of Protestantism.

In late 16th century the new City House was built and many of the houses were rebuilt in Renaissance style. The town also built several facilities like paved roads and sewer system. However, the Thirty Years' War and other conflicts of the counterreformation damaged the city and ended the period of prosperity. On February 14, 1745, Prussian general Hans von Lehwaldt defeated Austrian forces of Georg Oliver von Wallis near the city. During the Silesian Wars Habelschwerdt (together with most of Silesia) came under Prussian rule.

Soon afterwards it was captured by forces of Napoleon Bonaparte and housed a French garrison until 1815, when it returned to Prussia. Although it was made a county capital in 1818, it was also struck by high taxes. It was not until mid-19th century when the city fully recovered. The City House was yet again rebuilt, the city moat and parts of the city walls were levelled and the city expanded into new areas. After 1877 "Habelschwerdt" Bystrzyca was connected to "Glatz" (Kłodzko) and "Breslau" (Wrocław) by a railroad. In 1885, Habelschwerdt had a population of 5,597, while by 1939 it rose to 6,877.

End of the 19th century saw the whole Glatzer Tal (Kłodzko Valley) turned into one of the most popular tourist regions. Countless hotels, sanatoria and spa were opened to the public in the nearby towns of Kłodzko (then "Glatz"), Duszniki Zdrój (then "Bad Reinerz") and Lądek-Zdrój (then "Bad Landeck"), as well as in the town itself. The area of former Duchy became a popular place among the rich bourgeoisie of Wrocław, Berlin, Vienna and Kraków.

During World War II Habelschwerdt was spared the fate of other German cities that were levelled to the ground. There were no important industrial centres in the area and most of the Kłodzko Valley was not captured by the Red Army until after the capitulation of Germany. Shortly after the war the Kłodzko Valley became a scene of Wehrwolf activities. Following the Potsdam conference the town was awarded to Poland as compensation for the areas of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union in the east. The German inhabitants of the area and whole Silesia were expelled by the new authorities.

Between 1975 and 1998 Bystrzyca belonged to the Wałbrzych Voivodeship. It continued to be one of the principal mountain resorts of the area. Thanks to its historical landmarks as well as virgin landscapes, Bystrzyca Kłodzka remains one of the most popular centres of tourism and winter sports in Lower Silesia.

Twin towns

Alcañiz, Amberg, Kazmierz Wielkopolski, Laissey, Usti nad Orlici, Wolkowysk, Zuidwolde

References

External links

* [http://www.bystrzyca.info.pl/ bystrzyca.info.pl]
* [http://www.bystrzycaklodzka.pl/ bystrzycaklodzka.pl]
* [http://www.bystrzyca.pl/ bystrzyca.pl]