Racine stages

Racine stages

In the kindling model of epilepsy, the brain receives electrical shocks or chemical injections to induce acute seizures. With repetition, these seizures become chronic and spontaneous, creating a useful animal model within which to study epilepsy. The induced seizures are of various strength and character. In 1972, Ronald J. Racine divided these seizures into five categories.cite journal
author = Racine, R. J.
title = Modification of seizure activity by electrical stimulation. II. Motor seizure.
journal = Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology
volume = 32
issue = 3
pages = 281–94
year = 1972
pmid = 4110397
] :

* Mouth and facial movement

* Head nodding

* Forelimb clonus

* Rearing with forelimb clonus

* Rearing and falling with forelimb clonus (generalized motor convulsions)

References


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