Judah ben Shalom

Judah ben Shalom (died c.1878) (Hebrew: יהודה בן שלום), also known as Mori (Master) Shooker Kohail II or Shukr Kuhayl II (Hebrew: מרי שכר כחיל), was a Yemenite messianic pretender of the mid-19th century.

The rise of Shukr Kuhayl II

Judah ben Shalom was either a potter or a cobbler hailing from San‘a’, Yemen, and was evidently an accomplished kabbalist Harv|Sassoon|1907. He announced to the Jews of Yemen in March 1868 that he was in fact the self-same messianic claimant known as Shukr Kuhayl I, who had been killed and decapitated by Arabs just three years prior, now resurrected by Elijah. The exact manner in which Judah ben Shalom was able to take over the identity of the deceased Shukr Kuhayl, and in so doing to completely erase his own personal history, must remain something of a mystery.

The new (or "renewed") Shukr Kuhayl continued to preach the message of repentance that Yemenite Jews were familiar with from prior messiahs, as well as from local religious tradition. To the Jews he proclaimed that he was the Messiah sent to redeem them, while to the Arabs he announced that he was a Muslim sent to proclaim the arrival of the Mahdi. It seems that his repertoire did "not" include miracle-working, and he addresses this conspicuous failure in some of his letters. The main reason given is that God has not yet "permitted" him to undertake miracle-working, and that (naturally) God's permission is merely waiting for the moment when the Jews finally unite behind their Messiah Harv|Lenowitz|2000.

Unlike Shukr Kuhayl I, who worked mainly in the capacity of itinerant preacher, Judah ben Shalom developed a significant organizational structure which may have included hundreds of functionaries. From his headquarters, which was successively in Tan'im, al-Ṭawīlah, al-Qaranī, and again Tan'im, he coordinated a vast correspondence with the Jewish leaders in other communities of Yemen, Aden, Alexandria, Bombay, Calcutta, Jerusalem, and Safed Harv|Klorman|1989, mainly for the purposes of acquiring funds. It is from this correspondence that we have our largest source of information about Judah ben Shalom's activities in this period. In contrast to Shukr Kuhayl I, who during his short messianic career pursued an ascetic life of seclusion and poverty, Shukr Kuhayl II presents the appearance of a con-man artfully manipulating individuals and the community at large for his own advantage.

Beyond Judah ben Shalom's exhortations to repentance (which were characteristic also of his predecessor Shukr Kuhayl I, and of other Yemenite messiahs), his correspondence is distinguished by its encouragement of the paying of a tithe ("ma'aser") to his organization. Various motivations and efficacies for the tithe are given in his correspondence Harv|Klorman|1989—among them salvation from the "pangs of the Messiah"—and these solicitations appear by all reports to have been hugely successful. According to one report, the Jews of Aden forwarded to Kuhayl the complete treasury of their synagogue. He ultimately gained a large following among the Jews of Yemen (as well as many Arabs), who continued to contribute large sums of money to his cause. The utilization of these funds—whether they were distributed to the poor, used to buy protection, or used to finance Kuhayl's own luxurious lifestyle—is a matter of conflicting report.

Shukr Kuhayl II was not without his critics, even within Yemen. He was opposed by individuals who had personally known the first Shukr Kuhayl, and who regarded Shukr Kuhayl II's excessive lifestyle as incompatible with the modesty of the person they had known Harv|Lenowitz|1998|p=226. Harvtxt|Lenowitz|1998 quotes some letters that express this resentment. Kuhayl II's greatest antagonist, however, was Jacob Saphir of Jerusalem, who ultimately played a major role in ending the messiah's career.

Reasons for his success

The reasons for the profound success of messianic movements in Yemen in so recent a period as the late 1800s are varied, although in light of even more recent messianic activity—such as that occurring within Lubavitch Hasidism—it is perhaps no longer so difficult to comprehend. However, to a Wissenschaft-influenced writer like Sassoon, the only plausible explanation is the deficiency of Yemenite intellectual culture:

While Sassoon has the advantage of proximity to events—living almost contemporaneously with the messianic movement he is describing, one can question the fairness of some of these remarks, especially inasmuch as they are not paralleled in Saphir's accounts Harv|Lenowitz|1998. It "does" seem the case that the Yemenite Jews were indeed given to a certain fascination with messianic paraphernalia, including calculations of redemption, apocalyptic visions, the Lost Tribes, etc. Harv|Lenowitz|1998|p=226, but this alone does not account for their susceptibility to messianic pretense.

An additional ingredient was the manner in which the Yemenite messiahs took advantage of two unique features of Yemenite Judaism. Firstly, the Yemenite Jewish culture placed great importance on individual and communal repentance (along with the dire consequences of inadequate repentance), and the messiahs took advantage of this by incorporating into their messages pious and emotionally powerful calls for communal repentance in the face of impending dangers. As a result of the hyper-piety of the messiahs' messages, communal leaders found it very difficult to reject the messenger Harv|Lenowitz|1998. Secondly, the tradition among Yemenite Jews of memorizing the entire Tanach made it easy for a knowledgeable individual such as Kuhayl II to sound eminently "messianic" by artfully weaving into his writings (and no doubt into his speeches) verses from the Nevi'im and Ketuvim. His Yemenite readers would immediately recognize these verses and their prophetic origins, which no doubt lent tremendous authority to the messiah's message, and again made the messenger difficult to reject Harv|Lenowitz|2000.

All in all, what seems likely is that the suppuration of messianic activity in Yemen was made possible by weak Jewish leadership in the face of a dismal and chaotic political situation Harv|Klorman|1993 within a community that was largely isolated from the rest of Jewish culture, circumstances which were little changed from those which prompted Maimonides to write his famous "Letter to Yemen" ("Igeret Taiman") in the 12th century, in which he expressed his concern about the lax response of Yemenite leadership to an anonymous pseudo-messiah of that earlier period. In regard to the present episode, Harvtxt|Lenowitz|1998|p=229 considers it within the framework of the entire history of Yemenite messianic activity in the following way:

The demise of Shukr Kuhayl II

Eventually, it was Jacob Saphir's 1872 "Igeret Taiman" (consciously borrowing the title of Rambam's earlier "Epistle"), countering the messianic claims of Judah ben Shalom, and signed by the rabbis of Jerusalem, which lead to a deterioration in Kuhayl's stature among the community leaders controlling his cash flow Harvard citation|Klorman|1989. As the income diminished, he was forced to borrow money from wealthy Arabs, and—evidently defaulting on these loans—was finally taken to jail. Released after some time, he was not able to regain his former acclaim, and died in poverty around 1878.

ee also

*Jewish Messiah claimants
*List of Messiah claimants

References

*Harvard reference
Surname=Klorman
Given=Bat-Zion Eraqi
Authorlink=
Title=The messiah Shukr Kuḥayl II (1868–75) and his tithe (ma-aser): Ideology and practice as a means to hasten redemption
Journal=Jewish Quarterly Review
Volume=79
Issue=2–3
Year=1989
Page=199–217
URL=
*Harvard reference
Surname=Klorman
Given=Bat-Zion Eraqi
Title=Messianic movements in the second half of the nineteenth century
Publisher=E.J. Brill
Place=Leiden, Netherlands
Year=1993
URL=
*Harvard reference
Surname=Klorman
Given=Bat-Zion Eraqi
Title=The Jews of Yemen in the Nineteenth Century: A Portrait of a Messianic Community
Publisher=E.J. Brill
Place=Leiden
Year=1993
URL=
*Harvrefcol
Surname=Lenowitz
Given=Harris
Year= 2000
Chapter=Shukr Kuhayl II reads the Bible
Editor=L.J. Greenspoon & B.F. LeBeau
Title=Sacred Text, Secular Times: The Hebrew Bible in the Modern World
Pages=245-266
Edition=
Publisher=Creighton University Press
Place=Omaha, Nebraska
URL=
Access-date=
id = ISBN 1881871320
*Harvard reference
Surname=Lenowitz
Given=Harris
Title=The Jewish Messiahs: From the Galilee to Crown Heights
Publisher=Oxford University Press
Place=New York
Year=1998
URL=
*Harvard reference
Surname=Sassoon
Given=David S.
Authorlink=
Title=An autograph letter of a pseudo-messiah
Journal=Jewish Quarterly Review
Volume=19
Issue=
Year=1907
Page=162–167
URL=