Tupamaros

This article is about the Uruguayan guerrilla group. For the Peruvian guerrilla group, see Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement. For the Venezuelan group, see Tupamaro (Venezuela).

Flag of the Tupamaros National Liberation Movement

History of Uruguay
This article is part of a series
Early History
Charrúa people
British invasions
Federal League
Cisplatina
Thirty-Three Orientals
Treaty of Montevideo
Independent State
War of the Triple Alliance
Revolution of the Lances
Battle of Masoller
20th Century
Batllism
1933 coup d'etat
Neo-Batllism
Military Regime
Tupamaros
1973 coup d'etat
Civic-military dictatorship (1973-1985)
Modern Uruguay
Mercosur
2004 Elections
Politics of Uruguay
Uruguay Portal v · urban guerrilla organization in Uruguay in the 1960s and 1970s. The MLN-T is inextricably linked to its most important leader, Raúl Sendic, and his brand of social politics. José Mujica, current president of Uruguay, was also a member. Creation The Tupamaro movement was named after the Inca revolutionary Túpac Amaru II. Its origins lie in the union between the Movimiento de Apoyo al Campesino (Peasant Support Movement) and the members of trade unions funded by Sendic in poverty-stricken rural zones.[citation needed] The movement began by staging the robbing of banks, gun clubs and other businesses in the early 1960s, then distributing stolen food and money among the poor in Montevideo. It took as slogan "Words divide us; action unites us." [1] At the beginning, it abstained from armed actions and violence; they have always made clear about not being a guerrilla group but a political movement; the eventual use of violent means would be made according to strategy and possibilities.[2] In June 1968, President Jorge Pacheco, trying to suppress labour unrest, enforced a state of emergency and repealed all constitutional safeguards. The government imprisoned political dissidents, used torture during interrogations and brutally repressed demonstrations.[2] The Tupamaro movement engaged then in political kidnappings, "armed propaganda" and assassinations. Of particular note are the kidnapping of powerful bank manager Pereyra Rebervel and of the British ambassador to Uruguay, Geoffrey Jackson, as well as the assassination of Dan Mitrione, the Federal Bureau of Investigation agent documented to have taught techniques of torture to police forces in various Latin American countries. A very close friend to President Jorge Pacheco, the banker Pereyra Rebervel was highly unpopular, having "once killed a newsboy for selling a paper attacking him."[citation needed] He was released four days later, unharmed but a bit fatter. According to Langguth, the "poor in Montevideo were quoted as joking, 'Attention, Tupamaros! Kidnap me!'".[1] The peak of the Tupamaros was in 1970 and 1971. During this period they made liberal use of their Cárcel del Pueblo (or People's Prison) where they held those that they kidnapped and interrogated them, before making the results of these interviews public. In 1971 over 100 imprisoned Tupamaros escaped the Punta Carretas prison. In the same year, in an uncleared(?) episode, Pascasio Báez, a rural laborer that accidentally discovered one of their hideouts was killed.[citation needed] Nonetheless, the movement was hampered by a series of events including important strategic gaffes and the betrayal of high-ranking Tupamaro Héctor Amodio Pérez, and the army's counteroffensive, which included the Escuadrón de la Muerte (Death squad), police officers who were granted repressive powers to deal with Tupamaros.[citation needed] Along with police forces trained by the US Office of Public Safety (OPS), the Uruguayan military unleashed a bloody campaign of mass arrests and selected disappearances, dispersing those guerrillas who were not killed or arrested. Their usage of torture was particularly effective, and by 1972 the MLN-T had been severely weakened. Its principal leaders were imprisoned under terrible conditions for the next 12 years. Despite the diminished threat, the civilian government of Juan María Bordaberry ceded government authority to the military in July, 1973 in a bloodless coup that led to further repression against the population and the suppression of all parties. The following month, the Tupamaros formed the Revolutionary Coordinating Junta with other leftwing groups pursuing urban guerrilla warfare in the Southern Cone. The following year, various South American regimes responded with the collaborative, international counterinsurgency campaign known as Operation Condor. List of attacks 31 July 1970 - Unsuccessful kidnap attempt on U.S. Foreign Service officer Michael Gordon Jones. 31 July 1970 - Kidnapping of USAID public safety advisor, former Indiana police officer Dan Mitrione, murdered on 10 August 1970. 31 July 1970 - Kidnapping of the Brazilian consul Aloysio Mares Dias Gomides, released on 21 February 1971 for ransom ($250,000). 7 August 1970 - Kidnapping of U.S. agronomist Dr. Claude Fly, released on 21 March 1971. 29 September 1970 - Bombing of the Carrasco Bowling, gravely injuring the elderly caretaker Hilaria Ibarra[3] (rescued from the rubble by Gustavo Zerbino who would later be a survivor in the Andes disaster). 8 January 1971 - Kidnapping of the British ambassador Geoffrey Jackson, released after eight months for ransom (₤42,000). 21 December 1971 - Killing of rural laborer Pascasio Báez by sodium pentothal injection 18 April 1972 - Four soldiers killed by machine gun fire while watching over the house of the commander-in-chief of the Army, General Florencio Gravina.[4] Transition to democracy After democracy was restored to Uruguay in 1985, the Tupamaros returned to public life as part of a political party, the Movimiento de Participación Popular (Movement of Popular Participation). Today the party comprises the largest single group within the ruling left-wing Frente Amplio coalition. Raúl Sendic died in 1989 of Charcot disease. After the Frente Amplio's electoral victory of 31 October 2004, two old-time Tupamaros, José Mujica and Nora Castro, became presidents of the two Chambers of the Congress. On 29 November 2009 Mujica was elected president of Uruguay. See also Philip Agee State of Siege Civic-military dictatorship of Uruguay Operation Condor 1973 Uruguayan coup d'état References ^ a b A. J. Langguth's Hidden Terrors (Pantheon Books, 1978 Chapter 4) ^ a b Benjamín Nahum's El Fin Del Uruguay Liberal (Ediciones de la Banda Oriental, 1991) Volume 8 in Historia Uruguaya series ^ "Las dos muertes de Hilaria". http://www.elpais.com.uy/09/09/05/predit_440027.asp.  ^ Heinz, Wolfgang & Frühling, Hugo: Determinants of gross human rights violations by state and state-sponsored actors in Brazil, Uruguay, Chile, and Argentina, 1960-1990. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1999, page 255. ISBN 9041112022 External links Tupamaros (Official Site) Tupamaros (Official Site) Broad Front Coalition (Official Site) List of attacks (in Spanish) Attacks attributed to the Tupamaros on the START database Wikimedia Foundation. 2010. Игры ⚽ Нужно решить контрольную? Służewiec Przemysłowy Trance Atlantic Air Waves Look at other dictionaries: Tupamaros — puede estar haciendo referencia a: El movimiento Movimiento de Liberación Nacional Tupamaros, un grupo guerrillero/movimiento político uruguayo. El Movimiento Tupamaro de Venezuela, grupo político venezolano. Orquesta Los Tupamaros, Orquesta… …   Wikipedia Español Tupamaros — (les) organisation révolutionnaire uruguayenne fondée en 1962, démantelée après le coup d état de 1976. Leur nom reprenait celui des partisans de José Artigas (regroupés en 1811), qui se référaient à l Inca Tupac Amaru, révolté contre l Espagne …   Encyclopédie Universelle Tupamaros — drapeau du MLN.T Les Tupamaros (officiellement Mouvement de Libération Nationale Tupamaros, MLN T) sont un mouvement politique uruguayen, d extrême gauche, qui prôna l action directe et la guérilla urbaine dans les années 1960 et 1970. Il est… …   Wikipédia en Français Tupamaros — Logo der Tupamaros Flagge der Tupamaros …   Deutsch Wikipedia Tupamaros —    The popular name for the Movimiento de Liberación Nacional (MLN, Movement for National Liberation), an urban guerrilla organization active in Uruguay in the 1960s and 1970s. The name is a contraction of Tupac Amaro (the organization’s spelling …   Historical Dictionary of the “Dirty Wars” Tupamaros — Los Tupamaros fueron un grupo de guerrilla urbana de extrema izquierda con ideología marxista organizado en Uruguay entre las décadas del 60 y 70, que no tenía en principio vinculación con ningún partido político existente. El nombre Movimiento… …   Enciclopedia Universal Tupamaros — Tupamạros,   Kurzbezeichnung für die uruguayische Guerillabewegung Movimiento de Liberación Nacional (MLN), die um 1962/63 aus der Bewegung der Zuckerarbeiter (UTAA) entstand. Die Bezeichnung geht auf Tupac Amaru II. zurück. Die Tupamaros fanden …   Universal-Lexikon Tupamaros West-Berlin — The target of the West Berlin Tupamaros first attempted bombing, West Berlin s (then) Jewish Community Center. The Tupamaros West Berlin (TW) were a small German Marxist organization which carried out a series of bombings and arsons at the end of …   Wikipedia Tupamaros Westberlin — Die Tupamaros West Berlin (TW) waren eine militante Gruppe, die in der Bundesrepublik mit Waffengewalt gegen den Staat vorging. Seit dem Herbst 1969 überzogen sie West Berlin mit einer Serie von Bombenanschlägen. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Herkunft des …   Deutsch Wikipedia Tupamaros West-Berlin — Die Tupamaros West Berlin (TW) waren eine militante Gruppe, die in der Bundesrepublik mit Waffengewalt gegen den Staat vorging. Seit dem Herbst 1969 überzogen sie West Berlin mit einer Serie von Bombenanschlägen. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Herkunft des …   Deutsch Wikipedia 18+ © Academic, 2000-2024 Contact us: Technical Support, Advertising Dictionaries export, created on PHP, Joomla, Drupal, WordPress, MODx. Mark and share Search through all dictionaries Translate… Search Internet Share the article and excerpts Direct link … Do a right-click on the link above and select “Copy Link”